The legacy of Bhopal: The impact over the last 20 years and future direction

Mannan, M. Sam; West, Harry; Krishna, Kiran; Aldeeb, Abdulrehman A.; Keren, Nir; Saraf, Sanjeev R.; Liu, Yen-Shan; Gentile, Michela

doi:10.1016/j.jlp.2005.06.037

Cited by 42 publications

(13 citation statements)

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“…Single order of magnitude steps are used. Examples of observed data are provided by Mannan et al [6]. Hence, it is estimated that for every ten thousand near misses, there will be a thousand minor injuries, a hundred serious injuries, ten fatalities, and one catastrophic event.…”

Section: Behavior‐based Safetymentioning

confidence: 99%

Use root cause analysis to understand and improve process safety culture

Sutton

2008

Process Safety Progress

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This article describes the topics of root cause analysis and company culture. An evaluation of the root causes of incidents can help identify areas where the culture requires improvement. In addition, an analysis of the nature of root cause can help companies understand their culture. Following an incident, root cause analysis can be conducted for at least four levels of management, (a) line supervision, (b) facility management, (c) executive management, and (d) professionals who write and then implement regulations and standards. This article makes a distinction between root causes for occupational losses and for major process accidents; it emphasizes the teachings that improve one does not automatically improve the other. In other words, a root cause analysis program that addresses the behaviors that correct occupational safety problems may not help correct those behaviors that cause process safety incidents. Examples of how root cause analysis can help a company understand and improve its culture are provided. For instance, companies should recognize the need for both training and education. If process risk is to be reduced, employees need to be educated as well as trained because education creates new behaviors that allow for improved root cause analysis and the aversion of major events. © 2008 American Institute of Chemical Engineers Process Saf Prog 2008

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Section: Behavior‐based Safetymentioning

confidence: 99%

Use root cause analysis to understand and improve process safety culture

Sutton

2008

Process Safety Progress

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“…Interestingly, a substantial use of chemicals is essential to meet the social and economic goals of the world community,, and today's best practice demonstrates that chemicals are used widely in a cost-effective manner and with a certain degree of safety. However, past events such as the 1984 accidental release of methyl isocyanate in Bhopal, India, resulted in 3 000 deaths [87] and according to Sohrabji [88], it contaminated underground water within a 3.5 km radius around the affected industrial buildings. The recent Tianjin hazardous chemical storage facility explosions [89] on the 23 August 2015 resulted in 123 people confirmed to have died and another 50 reported to be missing and most of them being fire fighters.…”

Section: Toxic Industrial Chemicalsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Spectroscopic Characterization of Multilayered Functional Protective Polymers via Surface Modification with Organic Polymers against Highly Toxic Chemicals

Ndibewu¹,

Ngobeni²,

Lefakane³

et al. 2016

Recent Advances in Biopolymers

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Recent advances in biopolymers, including functional biomaterials for the manufacture of personal protective garments (PPGs) or equipment (PPE) have dramatically improved their efficiency and performance. Good and acceptable permeation characteristics, mechanical strength and durability are common attributes of these materials simultaneously without compromise for their cost-effectiveness and manufacturability. The comprehensive characterization of these materials and specimens' three-dimensionality with the endeavor to obtain the highest resistance to highly toxic agents such as nuclear, chemical and biological warfare agents is the must fulfilling aim in today's global interest in continuous development in this area. Because energy absorption component seems to be important in considering quality the requirements related to the application of most protective materials (e.g. clothing), spectroscopy would seem to be the cornerstone to be considered for most analytical purposes to supplement the qualitative and quantitative assessment of polymeric materials. The major techniques worth mentioning include: scanning electron microscopy coupled to Xray dispersive spectroscopy (SEM/EDS), atomic force microscopy (AFM), scattering-type near-field optical microscopy, scanning tunneling microscopy (STM), attenuated total reflectance Fourier transform spectroscopy (ATR-FT-IR), infrared spectroscopic ellipsometry, nano-FTIR absorption spectroscopy, near-field optical microscopy, and infrared vibrational nano-spectrosocopy. This chapter will discuss the importance of a particularly important natural polymer (cellulose) containing acetyl groups to form modifiable biopolymers (e.g. cellulose acetate polymers), doped to yield multi-layered functional protective materials (MFPMs) or composites (MFPCs). The ultimate aim seeks to provide critical insights into understanding the enhancement of their permeation characteristics against exposure to toxic industrial chemicals, including chlorine which is currently being used as a chemical warfare agent of choice in the Syrian conflict. MFPMs or MFPCs are a group of materials made from a combination of fiber or polymers together with varying amounts of additives possessing tailored physical and mechanical properties. Many of these materials should not only be durable but also must provide cost-competi

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“…This program came as a response to the Union Carbide disaster in Bhopal (in 1984). Indeed, the impacts of this disaster provoked the Canadian Chemical Producers' Association (CCPA) to develop and promote RCP among its members [30]. This program includes some basic codes about community awareness and emergency response, pollution prevention, safety processes, transportation and storage of chemicals, H&S and product stewardship [9].…”

Section: Literature Review: Theoretical and Empirical Backgroundmentioning

confidence: 99%