“…Studies in the field of the vocabulary knowledge construct and its acquisition and development have indicated that various aspects of vocabulary knowledge are interrelated and continually known (e.g., González-Fernández & Schmitt, 2019;Sukying & Nontasee, 2021), specifically receptive knowledge is first acquired and viewed to be built on productive knowledge (e.g., Hayashi & Murphy, 2011;Laufer & Goldstein, 2004;Sukying, 2022). However, learners had insufficient vocabulary knowledge, which inadequately relates to other skills of English language development, and they lacked exposure to the target vocabulary items.…”