The Leaning Tower Illusion is Not a Simple Perspective Illusion

Maniatis, Lydia Maria

doi:10.1068/p6102

Cited by 4 publications

(8 citation statements)

References 4 publications

(2 reference statements)

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“…Explanations based on the Jastrow illusion (Maniatis, 2008) and vanishing points (Kingdom et al, 2007;Orsten & Pomerantz, 2014;Yoonessi et al, 2008) are not sufficient to explain all aspects of these perspective illusions. However, an explanation based on the Figure 6.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Observers report perceiving the towers to be nonparallel. Although it has been suggested that the LTI may be a variant of the Jastrow illusion (Maniatis, 2008), the LTI appears to be best explained by shared versus nonshared vanishing points (Kingdom et al., 2007; Yoonessi, Gheorghiu, & Kingdom, 2008). In the LTI, the visual system appears to treat side-by-side images as part of the same scene.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Parallel objects share a vanishing point (illustrated by the intersection of the dashed lines). Image from Kingdom, Yoonessi, and Gheorghiu (2007).…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…When the position of the towers is reversed and do not share a vanishing point they are not perceived as parallel. Image based on Kingdom, Yoonessi, and Gheorghiu (2007).…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Explanations based on the Jastrow illusion (Maniatis, 2008) and vanishing points (Kingdom et al., 2007; Orsten & Pomerantz, 2014; Yoonessi et al., 2008) are not sufficient to explain all aspects of these perspective illusions. However, an explanation based on the intersection of convergence vectors, while taking into account the extent of perceived visual space, best explains the perception of parallelism of objects within or across images.…”

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confidence: 99%

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Perspective Illusions Based On Convergence Vectors

Hiris

2019

Perception

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confidence: 99%

“…Parallel objects share a vanishing point (illustrated by the intersection of the dashed lines). Image from Kingdom, Yoonessi, and Gheorghiu (2007).…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…When the position of the towers is reversed and do not share a vanishing point they are not perceived as parallel. Image based on Kingdom, Yoonessi, and Gheorghiu (2007).…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

mentioning

confidence: 99%

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Perspective Illusions Based On Convergence Vectors

Hiris

2019

Perception

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The Misperception of Orientation in Depth When Processing Multiple Pictures With Linear Perspective Cues

et al. 2021

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The leaning tower illusion suggests that combining perspective cues across multiple images can affect the perceived orientation of objects in space. We measured the accuracy of orientation perception when viewing multiple pictures. Across several experiments, 11–16 participants viewed two pictures: a sidewalk and either another sidewalk, a nature scene, or no picture. Participants adjusted an on-screen line to match the remembered orientation of one of the sidewalks. Participants also made a judgment about the parallelism of the sidewalks. Sidewalks perceived as parallel were perceived to have orientations more similar to each other than when they were paired with a nature scene or no picture. The degree of misperception can be approximately twice as large as in the leaning tower illusion, and this effect survived inversion and partially survived alternating presentation of the images. The misperception was eliminated when the participants were cued on which sidewalk they would be judging; however, when forced to process both sidewalks, the misperception reappeared. We conclude that the orientation of objects with perspective cues is misperceived when viewing multiple pictures with perspective cues and this misperception appears to be related at least in part to how parallel those objects are perceived to be.

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Increasing Perspectival Obliqueness Increases the Leaning Tower Illusion

Parovel

Costall

2018

i-Perception

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The leaning tower illusion is a perceptual illusion in which two identical images of a tower photographed from below appear to diverge when juxtaposed. We manipulated the perceived obliqueness of the (upright) St Mark bell tower in Venice by modifying two parameters both related to the position of the camera with respect to the tower: (a) increasing the peripherality of the tower and (b) reducing the distance between the camera and the tower. The resulting images clearly show that the illusory leaning effect increases as a function of the obliqueness. Another crucial condition for the leaning tower effect must be that the twin images are perceived as parts of a unitary display: The illusion increases when the distance between the photos is progressively increased, but beyond a certain level of separation, the integration of the images should, of course, break down, and the illusion vanish.

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The Leaning Tower Illusion is Not a Simple Perspective Illusion

Cited by 4 publications

References 4 publications

Perspective Illusions Based On Convergence Vectors

Perspective Illusions Based On Convergence Vectors

The Misperception of Orientation in Depth When Processing Multiple Pictures With Linear Perspective Cues

Increasing Perspectival Obliqueness Increases the Leaning Tower Illusion

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