The Lead-Acid Battery: Its Voltage in Theory and in Practice

Treptow, Richard S.

doi:10.1021/ed079p334

Cited by 47 publications

(29 citation statements)

References 2 publications

(3 reference statements)

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“…[122] Al ead-acid battery consists of cells containing lead as the anode and lead coated with lead oxide as the cathode, along with some other metals used ford oping. [122] Al ead-acid battery consists of cells containing lead as the anode and lead coated with lead oxide as the cathode, along with some other metals used ford oping.…”

Section: Lead-acid Storage Batteriesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Production and Application of Lignosulfonates and Sulfonated Lignin

2017

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Lignin is the largest reservoir of aromatic compounds on earth and has great potential to be used in many industrial applications. Alternative methods to produce lignosulfonates from spent sulfite pulping liquors and kraft lignin from black liquor of kraft pulping process are critically reviewed herein. Furthermore, options to increase the sulfonate contents of lignin-based products are outlined and the industrial attractiveness of them is evaluated. This evaluation includes sulfonation and sulfomethylation of lignin. To increase the sulfomethylation efficiency of lignin, various scenarios, including hydrolysis, oxidation, and hydroxymethylation, were compared. The application of sulfonated lignin-based products is assessed and the impact of the properties of these products on the characteristics of their end-use application is critically evaluated. Sulfonated lignin-based products have been used as dispersants in cement admixtures and dye solutions more than other applications, and their molecular weight and degree of sulfonation were crucial in determining their efficiency. The use of lignin-based sulfonated products in composites may result in an increase in the hydrophilicity of some composites, but the sulfonated products may need to be desulfonated with an alkali and/or oxygen prior to their use in composites. To be used as a flocculant, sulfonated lignin-based products may need to be cross-linked to increase their molecular weight. The challenges associated with the use of lignin-based products in these applications are comprehensively discussed herein.

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Section: Lead-acid Storage Batteriesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Production and Application of Lignosulfonates and Sulfonated Lignin

2017

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“…Simultaneously, the electrolytes used, such as tetraethylene glycol dimethyl ether (TEGDME), dimethoxyethane (DME), dimethylsulfoxide (DMSO), is non-toxic and non-corrosive, in sharp contrast with the H 2 SO 4 being the electrolyte used in lead-acid battery. [8] All of these have made the nonaqueous Li-O 2 battery a green and environmentally-friendly energy supplier of the next generation. To realize the practical application of Li-O 2 battery, numerous research efforts have been devoted into the Li-O 2 field since the rechargeability of cathode in Li-O 2 battery was demonstrated by Bruce's group.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Recent Progress in Electrocatalyst for Li‐O₂ Batteries

Zhou

Zhang

2017

Advanced Energy Materials

240

153

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In the Li‐O2 field, the electrocatalyst plays an important role in accelerating the sluggish electrochemical reactions, thus improving the performances of Li‐O2 battery. In this field, numerous researches regarding the incorporation of electrocatalyst have been published. With the aim to provide an easy as well as timely access for readers to follow the latest development in the catalyst area, the progress regarding the recent development on the application and research of electrocatalyst for Li‐O2 batteries is reviewed in a comprehensive and systematic manner. The application of various kinds of electrocatalyst including solid catalyst and soluble catalyst is first summarized. Then, relevant research including the catalyst design and the correlation between the catalyst property and the Li‐O2 battery performance is discussed. Finally, insights on how to fabricate an effective electrocatalyst are provided, which are expected to provide guidance for further catalyst design.

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“…Focusing on a range of discharge rates and the depth of discharge (DoD) for two parallel-configured leadacid batteries, the life consumption rate is modeled for each of the two batteries independently. Battery stack configurations are regulated to produce a total state of charge (SoC) through the means of the current integration method, or in some simplified cases, voltage-based measurements [9]. In [10], an advanced method to depict the SoC of a lithium-ion utility array is tested in grid-connected and islanded modes of microgrid operations.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Advanced Battery Management and Diagnostic System for Smart Grid Infrastructure

Elsayed

Lashway

Mohammed

2015

IEEE Trans. Smart Grid

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This paper presents the design and implementation of an advanced battery management system (BMS). The basic concept is to divide each series battery array into sub-arrays where each battery is individually monitored and managed. The proposed BMS continuously monitors the voltage, current, and energy of each battery. Based on these measurements, the BMS can calculate individual state of charge (SoC) levels and C-rates. Furthermore, the system has the capability to isolate each individual battery to apply different charging profiles and advanced diagnostics to detect the correct problems. Pulsed charging is deployed using different duty cycles for SoC balancing. The isolated battery is bypassed to maintain uninterrupted supply to the load despite reduced series array voltage. An unidirectional dc-dc boost converter maintains a constant output voltage level to the load, regardless of the number of batteries connected, until the problem is corrected. A hardware implementation of the proposed BMS is explained in detail. The performance of the system is tested experimentally under different loading conditions, including heavy pulsed loads. IndexTerms-Battery management system (BMS), energy storage, lead acid battery, microgrids, pulsed load, smart grid.

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The Lead-Acid Battery: Its Voltage in Theory and in Practice

Cited by 47 publications

References 2 publications

Production and Application of Lignosulfonates and Sulfonated Lignin

Production and Application of Lignosulfonates and Sulfonated Lignin

Recent Progress in Electrocatalyst for Li‐O₂ Batteries

Advanced Battery Management and Diagnostic System for Smart Grid Infrastructure

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The Lead-Acid Battery: Its Voltage in Theory and in Practice

Cited by 47 publications

References 2 publications

Production and Application of Lignosulfonates and Sulfonated Lignin

Production and Application of Lignosulfonates and Sulfonated Lignin

Recent Progress in Electrocatalyst for Li‐O2 Batteries

Advanced Battery Management and Diagnostic System for Smart Grid Infrastructure

Contact Info

Product

Resources

About

Recent Progress in Electrocatalyst for Li‐O₂ Batteries