The leaching and chemical transformations of surface-applied urea under flood irrigation

Francis, G. S.; Haynes, R. J.

doi:10.1007/bf01049744

Cited by 9 publications

(2 citation statements)

References 16 publications

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“…), immediately air dried to ambient laboratory humidity for 72 h, homogenized, and sieved (2‐mm mesh). Soluble N was extracted from the sediment with 2 M KCl (Francis and Haynes, 1991; Mulvaney, 1996). The extract was filtered and analyzed for N as described previously, but with an updated NO 3 − ‐N method, QuikChem 10‐107‐04‐1‐R (Lachat Instruments, 2008b).…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Urea Release by Intermittently Saturated Sediments from a Coastal Agricultural Landscape

et al. 2017

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Urea-N is linked to harmful algal blooms in lakes and estuaries, and urea-N-based fertilizers have been implicated as a source. However, the export of urea-N-based fertilizers appears unlikely, as high concentrations of urea-N are most commonly found in surface waters outside periods of fertilization. To evaluate possible autochthonous production of urea-N, we monitored urea-N released from drainage ditch sediments using mesocosms. Sediments from a cleaned (recently dredged) drainage ditch, uncleaned ditch, forested ditch, riparian wetland, and an autoclaved sand control were isolated in mesocosms and flooded for 72 h to quantify urea-N, NH 4 + -N, and NO 3 --N in the floodwater. Sediments were flooded with different N-amended-N) and incubated at three water temperatures (16, 21, and 27°C). Urea-N concentrations in mesocosms representing uncleaned and cleaned drainage ditches were significantly greater than nonagricultural sediments and controls. While flooding sediments with N-enriched solution had no clear effect on urea-N, warmer (27°C) temperatures resulted in significantly higher urea-N. Data collected from field ditches that were flooded by a summer rainstorm showed increases in urea-N that mirrored the mesocosm experiment. We postulate that concentrations of urea-N in ditches that greatly exceed environmental thresholds are mediated by biological production in sediments and release to stagnant surface water. Storm-driven urea-N export from ditches could elevate the risk of harmful algal blooms downstream in receiving waters despite the dilution effect. (Glibert et al., 2004). This phenomenon has drawn attention to sources of urea-N to surface water, and elevated urea-N concentrations issuing from agricultural watersheds have led some researchers to suggest a link to the land application of manures and urea-N synthetic fertilizers (Glibert et al., 2001(Glibert et al., , 2005(Glibert et al., , 2006Lomas et al., 2002;Thorén et al., 2003). Indeed, global urea-N fertilizer consumption ballooned 100-fold from the 1960s to the 2000s (Glibert et al., 2006), part of a trend of dramatically increasing fertilizer N use since the mid-twentieth century. Due in part to restrictions on inorganic fertilizers because of security concerns, urea-N comprises perhaps 60% of global N fertilizer use on an annual basis, and this proportion is expected to grow (Glibert et al., 2014). However, although small losses of agriculturally applied urea-N could be biologically important in receiving waters (Glibert et al., 2006), the export of untransformed urea-N fertilizer is likely minor. The rapid hydrolysis of urea-N in soils generally precludes substantial export from fertilizer applications (Fisher et al., 2016). Losses via leaching and overland flow are brief and typically small even under heavy rainfall conditions (Han et al., 2015;Kibet et al., 2016). In a synoptic watershed study on the Delmarva Peninsula, Tzilkowski (2013) found no evidence that storms in the weeks after poultry manure application led to increased ur...

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Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Urea Release by Intermittently Saturated Sediments from a Coastal Agricultural Landscape

et al. 2017

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“…3B). This increase may indicate leaching of NH 4 -N or dissolved urea into the subsoil before hydrolysis (Francis and Haynes, 1991). Leaching of urea or NH 4 -N may be plausible as three of the four site-years in Group 1 had coarse-textured soils with low organic matter (≤15.6 g kg -1 ) and cation exchange capacity (≤4.3 cmol c kg -1 ) (Supplemental Table S2), Becker-15b received 19 mm of water within 2 d of fertilization, and all site-years received 28 to 79 mm of precipitation from V6 to V8 (6-9 d after application) ( Supplemental Tables S3 and S4).…”

Section: Groupmentioning

confidence: 99%

Soil Texture and Precipitation Influence Optimal Time of Nitrogen Fertilization for Corn

et al. 2019

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Core Ideas Soil texture and precipitation largely impact split fertilizer application efficacy.Split fertilizer application consistently increased grain yield in irrigated sands.In fine‐texture and well distributed rain, split application should be done by V8.In fine‐texture and poor distributed rain, split application made no yield difference.Corn response to split application was greater in coarse‐textured than fine‐textured soils. In‐season N fertilization is increasingly being used as a management strategy to reduce risk of N loss to the environment. This study evaluated the optimal timing for a split N fertilizer application in corn (Zea mays L.) across different environments and soil textural classes in Minnesota. Treatments consisted of pre‐plant (PP) urea applied at 0 to 270 or 315 kg N ha−1 on increments of 45 kg N ha−1 and five split applications (SA) of 45 kg N ha−1 urea ammonium nitrate as starter fertilizer and 90 kg N ha−1 of urea with an urease inhibitor applied at the V2, V4, V6, V8, or V12 stage of corn phenological development. Site‐years were grouped according to grain yield response to fertilizer timing. Irrigated coarse‐textured soils produced 1.5‐ to 1.9‐fold greater grain yield when fertilizer was split applied from V4 to V12 due to improved synchrony of N availability to crop demand and reduced potential for NO3–N leaching. Rainfed, fine‐textured soils had mixed results. Site‐years receiving well‐distributed precipitation produced greater grain yield when fertilizer was split applied from V2 to V8, but early season N deficiency reduced yield for the V12 application. Site‐years with limited precipitation during the late vegetative through grain filling stages of corn had no improvement in grain yield or N use efficiencies for SA because dry soil conditions likely interfered with root development and made N fertilizer positionally unavailable to the crop. This study highlights that the success of SA is largely dictated by soil texture and precipitation.

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Nitrogen of EDDS enhanced removal of potentially toxic elements and attenuated their oxidative stress in a phytoextraction process

Beiyuan

Fang

Chen

et al. 2021

Environmental Pollution

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The leaching and chemical transformations of surface-applied urea under flood irrigation

Cited by 9 publications

References 16 publications

Urea Release by Intermittently Saturated Sediments from a Coastal Agricultural Landscape

Urea Release by Intermittently Saturated Sediments from a Coastal Agricultural Landscape

Soil Texture and Precipitation Influence Optimal Time of Nitrogen Fertilization for Corn

Nitrogen of EDDS enhanced removal of potentially toxic elements and attenuated their oxidative stress in a phytoextraction process

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