The LDL to HDL Cholesterol Ratio as a Valuable Tool to Evaluate Coronary Heart Disease Risk

Fernández, María Luz; Webb, Densie

doi:10.1080/07315724.2008.10719668

Cited by 203 publications

(162 citation statements)

References 32 publications

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“…The ratio of HDL to TC gives a better insight into the risk of cardiovascular disease and insulin resistance syndrome than HDL or TC alone (17,18).…”

Section: Metabolic Syndromementioning

confidence: 99%

Thyroid function and the metabolic syndrome in older persons: a population-based study

Heima

Eekhoff

Oosterwerff

et al. 2013

European Journal of Endocrinology

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Background: Studies suggest an association between a high TSH and (individual components of) the metabolic syndrome. Only a few studies have been performed in the general older population. Objective: This study investigates the association between serum TSH and the metabolic syndrome in a representative sample of older persons in The Netherlands. Design and patients: Data of the Longitudinal Aging Study Amsterdam were used, which is an ongoing cohort study in a representative sample of Dutch older persons. A total of 1187 subjects (590 men and 597 women) between the ages of 65 and 88 years participated in the study. Measurements: Metabolic syndrome (US National Cholesterol Education Program definition) and its individual components were assessed, as well as serum TSH levels. Results: Among the participants, the prevalence of the metabolic syndrome was 34.2%. The mean serum TSH was 1.9 mU/l. Subjects in the upper quartile with a serum TSH level above 2.28 mU/l (odds ratio (OR)Z1.68; 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.19-2.37) had a significantly increased prevalence of metabolic syndrome compared with subjects in the lowest quartile with a serum TSH below 1.04 mU/l. After adjustment for confounders, age, sex, alcohol use, total physical activity, and smoking, the OR was 1.62 (95% CI 1.15-2.32). Conclusions: Subjects with a serum TSH in the upper quartile have a higher prevalence of metabolic syndrome as compared with subjects with a serum TSH in the lowest quartile.

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“…The ratio of HDL to TC gives a better insight into the risk of cardiovascular disease and insulin resistance syndrome than HDL or TC alone (17,18).…”

Section: Metabolic Syndromementioning

confidence: 99%

Thyroid function and the metabolic syndrome in older persons: a population-based study

Heima

Eekhoff

Oosterwerff

et al. 2013

European Journal of Endocrinology

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“…However, considering the evidence that dietary cholesterol intake does not affect the LDL: HDL cholesterol ratio (33) or the number of LDL particles (34) , the change in total cholesterol levels does not reflect change in CVD risk. When the specific effects of dietary cholesterol on the atherogenicity of the plasma lipids is fully analysed, there is no conflict between the lack of effect of dietary cholesterol on CVD risk observed in epidemiological surveys and the small change in plasma cholesterol levels observed in clinical feeding studies.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Numerous analyses have shown that the average weightadjusted plasma cholesterol response to a 100 mg/d increase in dietary cholesterol in a 70 kg individual is an increase in plasma total cholesterol of 2·4 mg/dl (0·062 mM/l) with increases in both the LDL cholesterol (1·9 mg/dl, 0·049 mM/l) and HDL cholesterol (0·4 mg/dl, 0·010 mM/l) (25,(27)(28)(29)(30) . These studies indicate that while adding cholesterol does have a small effect on plasma cholesterol levels, there is little if any change in the LDL:HDL cholesterol ratio, which is also an important determinant of CVD risk (31)(32)(33) . Data also indicate that the changes in LDL cholesterol levels with cholesterol feeding are not due to changes in the number of LDL particles, but rather due to changes in the cholesterol content of these particles.…”

Section: Clinical Interventionsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Dietary cholesterol, heart disease risk and cognitive dissonance

McNamara¹

2014

Proc. Nutr. Soc.

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In the 1960s, the thesis that dietary cholesterol contributes to blood cholesterol and heart disease risk was a rational conclusion based on the available science at that time. Fifty years later the research evidence no longer supports this hypothesis yet changing the dietary recommendation to limit dietary cholesterol has been a slow and at times contentious process. The preponderance of the clinical and epidemiological data accumulated since the original dietary cholesterol restrictions were formulated indicate that: (1) dietary cholesterol has a small effect on the plasma cholesterol levels with an increase in the cholesterol content of the LDL particle and an increase in HDL cholesterol, with little effect on the LDL: HDL ratio, a significant indicator of heart disease risk, and (2) the lack of a significant relationship between cholesterol intake and heart disease incidence reported from numerous epidemiological surveys. Over the last decade, many countries and health promotion groups have modified their dietary recommendations to reflect the current evidence and to address a now recognised negative consequence of ineffective dietary cholesterol restrictions (such as inadequate choline intake). In contrast, health promotion groups in some countries appear to suffer from cognitive dissonance and continue to promote an outdated and potentially hazardous dietary recommendation based on an invalidated hypothesis. This review evaluates the evidence for and against dietary cholesterol restrictions and the potential consequences of such restrictions.

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“…Ratio of total cholesterol to HDL cholesterol and LDL cholesterol to HDL cholesterol were indicators of the risk of coronary vascular diseases (CVD) (Fernandez and Webb, 2008). Hypercholesterolemic group which fed by standard diet showed the highest ratio, meanwhile the normal group fed by standard diet revealed the lowest.…”

Section: Bioactive Compoundsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Protective Effect of Food Products Enriched with Unsaponifiable Matter from Palm Fatty Acid Distillate on the Aorta of Hypercholesterolemic Rats

2017

J App Pharm Sci

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Palm oil refining process produced palm fatty acid distillate (PFAD) as a by-product in deodorization stage. Saponification of PFAD produced unsaponifiable matter (USM) which was rich in vitamin E mainly tocotrienols, phytosterols, and squalene. This study evaluated the therapeutic effect of food products (instant noodle, bread, and biscuit) enriched with bioactive compounds from USM on the aorta of hypercholesterolemic rats. Rats were fed with atherogenic diet for 14 days to have blood total cholesterol ≥200 mg/dl. Rats then were fed according to each treatment group for 8 weeks. Total cholesterol, HDL (high density lipoprotein) cholesterol, and LDL (low density lipoprotein) cholesterol were analyzed at the end of experiment. Rats were then sacrificed and aorta abdominal was collected for histopathological study. The result showed total cholesterol and LDL cholesterol of rats fed by USM enriched food products were lower than that of corresponding products. Also, the ratio of total cholesterol to HDL and LDL cholesterol to HDL were better. Rats fed with USM enriched food products had a better aortic histopathological image than rats fed with nonenriched food products. Rats fed with USM enriched foods had less severe morphological lesions of the aortic wall with less foam cells in tunica intimae, less fat deposits in tunica media, elongated nuclei and organized myofibrils. This study indicated bioactive compounds in food products enriched with USM of PFAD offered good therapeutic effect against atherosclerosis development of hypercholesterolemic rats. USM enriched biscuit revealed the best therapeutic effect.

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The LDL to HDL Cholesterol Ratio as a Valuable Tool to Evaluate Coronary Heart Disease Risk

Cited by 203 publications

References 32 publications

Thyroid function and the metabolic syndrome in older persons: a population-based study

Thyroid function and the metabolic syndrome in older persons: a population-based study

Dietary cholesterol, heart disease risk and cognitive dissonance

Protective Effect of Food Products Enriched with Unsaponifiable Matter from Palm Fatty Acid Distillate on the Aorta of Hypercholesterolemic Rats

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