The Layered Encapsulation of Vitamin B2 and β-Carotene in Multilayer Alginate/Chitosan Gel Microspheres: Improving the Bioaccessibility of Vitamin B2 and β-Carotene

Abstract

This research underlines the potential of alginate multilayered gel microspheres for the layered encapsulation and the simultaneous delivery of vitamin B2 (VB) and β-carotene (BC). Chitosan was used to improve the stability and controlled release ability of alginate-based gel microspheres. It was shown that a clear multilayered structure possessed the characteristics of pH response, and excellent thermal stability. The sodium alginate concentration and the number of layers had notable effects on mechanical properties and particle size of gel microspheres. Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy and X-ray diffraction analyses further proved that VB and BC were encapsulated within the gel microspheres. Compared with the three-layer VB-loaded gel microspheres, the total release of VB from the three-layer VB and BC-loaded gel decreased from 93.23 to 85.58%. The total release of BC from the three-layer VB and BC-loaded gel increased from 66.11 to 69.24% compared with three-layer BC-loaded gel. The simultaneous encapsulation of VB and BC in multilayered gel microspheres can markedly improve their bioaccessibility and bioavailability. These results showed the multilayer gel microspheres synthesized herein have potential for applications in the layered encapsulation and simultaneous delivery of various bioactive substances to the intestinal tract.

In Vitro Digestibility of Minerals and B Group Vitamins from Different Brewers’ Spent Grains

“…For instance, the use of solid-state fermentation in cereal or pulse by-products highly increased the phenolic bioaccessibility and bioavailability [66], whilst the germination increased the bioaccessibility of Ca, Fe, and Zn in pearl millet [67]. Additionally, Rousseau et al [17] mentioned that milling, fermentation, dehulling, soaking, and thermal processing are other technological processes that could enhance the mineral bioaccessibility and bioavailability of plant-based foods, and Liao et al [68] (Liao et al 2022) showed that vitamin encapsulation might lead to a bioaccessibility improvement.…”

Enhancing Carotenoids’ Efficacy by Using Chitosan-Based Delivery Systems

“…As a result, chitosan-based delivery systems improve the stability, bioactivity, and bioavailability of carotenoids, and control their release, thus increasing their efficacy. [9][10][11][12][13].…”

“…Chitosan-based delivery systems are strategic for strengthening carotenoids' stability, bioactivity, and bioavailability [9][10][11][12][13]. Chitosan is a biological and cationic polysaccharide, mainly extracted from crustacean chitin by deacetylation.…”

“…In particular, the chitosan deacetylation degree influences many of its applications, including biomolecule delivery [14,15]. Therefore, chitosan has unique physicochemical and biological properties such as biocompatibility, biodegradability, bioactivity, low toxicity, mucoadhesion, and structural variability [9][10][11][12][13]. As a result of these remarkable properties, chitosan is used in a wide range of fields, such as medicine, dental care, food processing chemistry, biotechnology, agriculture, and environmental protection [14,15].…”

Thermoplastic starch/bentonite clay nanocomposite reinforced with vitamin B2: Physicochemical characteristics and release behavior

“…The colored silk fabric, bearing frame retardant and antibacterial properties, was prepared by layer-by-layer electrostatic self-assembly of chitosan and VB on silk fabric [29]. The layered encapsulation of vitamin B 2 and β-carotene was studied in alginate multilayered gel microspheres for their simultaneous delivery to the intestinal tract [27,30]. Vitamin B 2 and vitamin B 3 were encapsulated into chitosan, modi ed chitosan, gum arabic, maltodextrin, sodium alginate, and pectin microparticles, by spray-drying method [31].…”