The laws of swelling

Κatz, J. R.

doi:10.1039/tf9332900279

Cited by 65 publications

(16 citation statements)

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“…Investigations on the swelling of wood are quite numerous [KATZ 1933;KEYL-WERTH 1962;NAKATO 1958;STAMM 1935STAMM , 1942. There are, however, relatively little data available on the rate of swelling of wood.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effect of structural direction and initial moisture content on swelling rate of wood

Hittmeier

1967

Wood Science and Technology

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SummaryThe swelling rate of Engelmann spruce (Picea engelmannii Parry) in water was determined on cross sectional, quartersawn, and flatsawn samples. The rate of swelling from six initial moisture content levels to saturation was measured in both the tangential and radial directions.Internal restraints were found to influence the swelling rate of the quartersawn and flatsawn samples in their radial and tangential directions, respectively. These restraints occurred when swelling commenced from a low initial moisture content and were attributed to the compressive forces imposed on the outer swelling surface by the dry unswollen interior of the wood.The restraining effect was also obvious in the change with time of the ratio of tangential to-radial swelling at the lower initial moisture content levels. In the case of the quartersawn samples, swelling from oven-dry to saturation, the ratio was at first approximately 3.5 : 1.0, but decreased with time to an equilibrium ratio 2.2 : 1.0. The ratio for the flatsawn samples, swelling from zero to saturation, was at first approximately 0.58 : 1.0, but increased with time to about 2.0 : 1.0. No obvious effects of internal swelling restraints were observed during the swelling of the cross sectional samples.The tangential-to-radial swelling ratios for all three types of samples increased with increasing initial moisture content. This indicated that swelling a t the higher levels of moisture content may have been largely in the tangential direction. ZusammenfassungDie Quellungsgeschwindigkeit von Engelmannsfichte (Picea engelmannii Parry) in Wasser wurde an Querschnitten sowie an radial und tangential geschnittenen Proben dieses Holzes bestimmt. Ausgehend von sechs verschiedenen Anfangs-Holzfeuchtigkeiten wurde die Quel lungsgeschwindigkeit bis zur Sättigung in tangentialer und in radialer Richtung gemessen.Innere Behinderungskräfte beeinflußten, wie festgestellt werden konnte, die Quellungs geschwindigkeit der radial bzw. tangential geschnittenen Proben in tangentialer oder radialer Richtung. Diese Quellungsbehinderung trat vor allem im Falle niedriger Anfangs-Holzfeuchtig keiten in Erscheinung und wurde jenen Druckkräften zugeschrieben, die den äuoßren quellen den Schichten durch die noch nicht gequollenen inneren Holzteile entgegenwirken. Die Wir kung der Behinderung war ebenso an der Änderung der Zeitkomponente des Quellungsverhält nisses tangential/radial bei niedrigen Anfangs-Holzfeuchtigkeiten deutlich zu erkennen. Bei der Quellung der Radialproben vom Darrzustand bis zur Sättigung betrug dieses Verhältnis zunächst 3,5 : 1,0 und sank dann mit der Zeit bis zu einem Ausgleichsverhältnis von 2,2 : 1,0. Bei der entsprechenden Quellung der Tangentialproben von Darrtrockenheit bis zur Sättigung waren die Werte zuerst 0,58 : 1,0, stiegen dann aber mit der Zeit auf etwa 2,0 : 1,0 an. Bei den quer geschnittenen Proben war dagegen keine Auswirkung behindernder, innerer Kräfte auf die Quellung festzustellen.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effect of structural direction and initial moisture content on swelling rate of wood

Hittmeier

1967

Wood Science and Technology

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“…The similarity of the new bonds with those already existing implies a similar pressure dependence of compressibility. Thefindings of Katz [13] that tl1f~ X-ray pattern of cellulose is unchanged by moisture may be indicati ve as suggested [12], that the effects of the moisture are largely confined to a limited number of chains near the surface of the micelles.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 95%

Effect of moisture on compressibility of natural high polymers

Weir¹

1952

J. RES. NATL. BUR. STAN.

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Studies are rep on ed of t he effect of sorbed m oisture on compress ibili ties of leat her , cellulose , wool, and s ilk fibroin. The general beha vior of all materials is similar. For low moisture contents, compressibility is essentiall y independe nt of moisture con ten t . F or hi gh moisture conten ts, co mpress ibility in creases markedly. It is s uggested t hat t hese dat a are consis tent with the concep t t hat moisture exists in hydroge n bonde d form at low and as liquid wa ter at high mo isture contents. E mpirical compression equat ions a re: fo r dry wool, -6,V/ V o= 1.37

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“…He calculated values for the average compression of the sorbed water of approximately 2000 atmospheres on the basis of the compression taking place entirely in the water. This assumption seems justified, especially in the case of cellulose, because of the fact that x-ray measurements show no change in the x-ray diagrams on swelling of the cellulose in water (11,12).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%