The lateral intraparietal area codes the location of saccade targets and not the dimension of the saccades that will be made to acquire them

Steenrod, Sara C.; Phillips, Matthew H.; Goldberg, Michael E.

doi:10.1152/jn.00349.2012

Cited by 36 publications

(32 citation statements)

References 37 publications

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“…A neural population code model of LIP proposed by Graf & Andersen (2014) equates presaccadic target position with planned future eye position. However, under conditions of saccadic adaptation, visual and presaccadic activity in LIP are tuned for the stimulus location and not for the saccade amplitude (Steenrod et al 2013), so presaccadic target position cannot be used rigorously to calculate postsaccadic eye position.…”

Section: Neural Evidence For Craniotopic Representationsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Corollary Discharge and Oculomotor Proprioception: Cortical Mechanisms for Spatially Accurate Vision

Sun

Goldberg

2016

Annu. Rev. Vis. Sci.

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A classic problem in psychology is understanding how the brain creates a stable and accurate representation of space for perception and action despite a constantly moving eye. Two mechanisms have been proposed to solve this problem: Herman von Helmholtz’s idea that the brain uses a corollary discharge of the motor command that moves the eye to adjust the visual representation, and Sir Charles Sherrington’s idea that the brain measures eye position to calculate a spatial representation. Here, we discuss the cognitive, neuropsychological, and physiological mechanisms that support each of these ideas. We propose that both are correct: A rapid corollary discharge signal remaps the visual representation before an impending saccade, computing accurate movement vectors; and an oculomotor proprioceptive signal enables the brain to construct a more accurate craniotopic representation of space that develops slowly after the saccade.

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Section: Neural Evidence For Craniotopic Representationsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Corollary Discharge and Oculomotor Proprioception: Cortical Mechanisms for Spatially Accurate Vision

Sun

Goldberg

2016

Annu. Rev. Vis. Sci.

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“…6B. Neurons in the lateral intraparietal (LIP) of the simian cortex show no change in activity during adaptation of either MG or targeting saccades in the monkey (Steenrod et al 2013). Therefore, the site of MG saccade adaptation is likely downstream of the LIP.…”

Section: Speculation On Possible Neuronal Sites Of Adaptationmentioning

confidence: 99%

Adaptation and adaptation transfer characteristics of five different saccade types in the monkey

Kojima

Fuchs

Soetedjo

2015

Journal of Neurophysiology

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Shifts in the direction of gaze are accomplished by different kinds of saccades, which are elicited under different circumstances. Saccade types include targeting saccades to simple jumping targets, delayed saccades to visible targets after a waiting period, memory-guided (MG) saccades to remembered target locations, scanning saccades to stationary target arrays, and express saccades after very short latencies. Studies of human cases and neurophysiological experiments in monkeys suggest that separate pathways, which converge on a common locus that provides the motor command, generate these different types of saccade. When behavioral manipulations in humans cause targeting saccades to have persistent dysmetrias as might occur naturally from growth, aging, and injury, they gradually adapt to reduce the dysmetria. Although results differ slightly between laboratories, this adaptation generalizes or transfers to all the other saccade types mentioned above. Also, when one of the other types of saccade undergoes adaptation, it often transfers to another saccade type. Similar adaptation and transfer experiments, which allow inferences to be drawn about the site(s) of adaptation for different saccade types, have yet to be done in monkeys. Here we show that simian targeting and MG saccades adapt more than express, scanning, and delayed saccades. Adaptation of targeting saccades transfers to all the other saccade types. However, the adaptation of MG saccades transfers only to delayed saccades. These data suggest that adaptation of simian targeting saccades occurs on the pathway common to all saccade types. In contrast, only the delayed saccade command passes through the adaptation site of the MG saccade.

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“…Numerous studies have approached this question from the perspectives of (1) effector specificity (i.e., where and how is a general gaze command apportioned into separate commands for eye and head motion) and (2) what reference frames are used to code these variables (e.g., eye, head, or body centered). These questions remain controversial (Caruso et al, 2018), but the predominant consensus is that higher level structures like SC, LIP, and FEF primarily code target and/or gaze direction relative to initial eye orientation, with default effector-specific codes and reference frames developed downstream (Sparks, 1989(Sparks, , 2002bSparks and Hartwich-Young, 1989;Klier et al, 2001;Crawford et al, 2011;Steenrod et al, 2013). Consistent with this view, we recently quantified twodimensional SC and FEF response fields (RFs) during naturally variable eye-head gaze shifts, and found that eye-centered coordinates provided better fits to the data than effector-specific codes and frames of reference (De-Souza et al, 2011;Sadeh et al, 2015;Sajad et al, 2015).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Timing Determines Tuning: A Rapid Spatial Transformation in Superior Colliculus Neurons during Reactive Gaze Shifts

Sadeh

Sajad

Wang

et al. 2019

eNeuro

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Gaze saccades, rapid shifts of the eyes and head toward a goal, have provided fundamental insights into the neural control of movement. For example, it has been shown that the superior colliculus (SC) transforms a visual target (T) code to future gaze (G) location commands after a memory delay. However, this transformation has not been observed in "reactive" saccades made directly to a stimulus, so its contribution to normal gaze behavior is unclear. Here, we tested this using a quantitative measure of the intermediate codes between T and G, based on variable errors in gaze endpoints. We demonstrate that a rapid spatial transformation occurs within the primate's SC (Macaca mulatta) during reactive saccades, involving a shift in coding from T, through intermediate codes, to G. This spatial shift progressed continuously both across and within cell populations [visual, visuomotor (VM), motor], rather than relaying discretely between populations with fixed spatial codes. These results suggest that the SC produces a rapid, noisy, and distributed transformation that contributes to variable errors in reactive gaze shifts. Significance StatementOculomotor studies have demonstrated visuomotor (VM) transformations in structures like the superior colliculus (SC) with the use of trained behavioral manipulations, like the memory delay and anti-saccades tasks, but it is not known how this happens during normal saccades. Here, using a spatial model fitting method based on endogenous gaze errors in "reactive" gaze saccades, we show that the SC provides a rapid spatial transformation from target to gaze coding that involves visual, VM, and motor neurons. This technique demonstrates that SC spatial codes are not stable, and may provide a quantitative diagnostic marker for assessing the health of sensorimotor transformations.

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The lateral intraparietal area codes the location of saccade targets and not the dimension of the saccades that will be made to acquire them

Abstract: Steenrod SC, Phillips MH, Goldberg ME. The lateral intraparietal area codes the location of saccade targets and not the dimension of the saccades that will be made to acquire them.

Cited by 36 publications

References 37 publications

Corollary Discharge and Oculomotor Proprioception: Cortical Mechanisms for Spatially Accurate Vision

Corollary Discharge and Oculomotor Proprioception: Cortical Mechanisms for Spatially Accurate Vision

Adaptation and adaptation transfer characteristics of five different saccade types in the monkey

Timing Determines Tuning: A Rapid Spatial Transformation in Superior Colliculus Neurons during Reactive Gaze Shifts

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