The Latent Survival of Erwinia Amylovora in Hibernating Shoots

Crepel, C.; Geenen, Jarret; Maes, Martine

doi:10.17660/actahortic.1996.411.6

Cited by 6 publications

(4 citation statements)

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“…In addition, no symptoms are observed in winter in deciduous species, and the surveys, made mainly by visual detection of typical lesions, are useless. Apparent healthy plants can carry latent infections (5,8,23,43), and from these E. amylovora could be distributed from nurseries to other parts of the country or other countries, where it will only take favorable conditions for symptoms to develop. As pointed out by other authors, in spite of being a very useful and sensitive technique, PCR is still seriously limited due to inhibition by different compounds (13,23,27,32).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Workshop Fire Blight, p. 30,1998). E. amylovora can survive as an endophyte and an epiphyte (5,8,17), and its systemic distribution in plants has been demonstrated (28,36). This has prompted in the last years an increasing interest for reliable and sensitive methods to analyze potentially infected but symptomless plant material, because the inadvertent introduction of infected plants to pathogen-free areas could result in the unstoppable spread of E. amylovora (10).…”

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confidence: 99%

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Development of a Highly Sensitive Nested-PCR Procedure Using a Single Closed Tube for Detection of Erwinia amylovora in Asymptomatic Plant Material

Llop

Bonaterra

Peñalver

et al. 2000

Appl Environ Microbiol

126

109

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A novel method, which involves a nested PCR in a single closed tube, was developed for the sensitive detection of Erwinia amylovora in plant material. The external and internal primer pairs used had different annealing temperatures and directed the amplification of a specific DNA fragment from plasmid pEA29. The procedure involved two consecutive PCRs, the first of which was performed at a higher annealing temperature that allowed amplification only by the external primer pair. Using pure cultures of E. amylovora, the sensitivity of the nested PCR in one tube was similar to that of a standard nested PCR in two tubes. The specificity and sensitivity were greater than those of standard PCR procedures that used a single primer pair. The presence of inhibitors in plant material, very common in E. amylovora hosts, is overcome with this system in combination with a simple DNA extraction protocol because it eliminates many of the inhibitory compounds. In addition, it needs a very small sample volume (1 l of DNA extracted). With 83 samples of naturally infected material, this method achieved better results than any other PCR technique: standard PCR detected 55% of positive samples, two-tube nested PCR detected 71% of positive samples, and nested PCR in a single closed tube detected 78% of positive samples. When analyzing asymptomatic plant material, the number of positive samples detected by the developed nested PCR was also the highest, compared with the PCR protocols indicated previously (17, 20, and 25% of 251 samples analyzed, respectively). This method is proposed for the detection of endophytic and epiphytic populations of E. amylovora in epidemiological studies and for routine use in quarantine surveys, due to its high sensitivity, specificity, speed, and simplicity.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Development of a Highly Sensitive Nested-PCR Procedure Using a Single Closed Tube for Detection of Erwinia amylovora in Asymptomatic Plant Material

Llop

Bonaterra

Peñalver

et al. 2000

Appl Environ Microbiol

126

109

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

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“…Endophytic cells of E. amylovora in symptomless nursery materials are thought to be sources of inoculum for transmission, but not of cells contaminating the surface (Maas Geesteranus & de Vries, 1984). E. amylovora cells are likely to become a source of inoculum when the survival rate is such as to ensure an adequate quantitative level of inoculum at the time of its release in the presence of susceptible targets (Calzolari et al ., 1982; Crepel et al ., 1996).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Survival of Erwinia amylovora on pears and on fruit containers in cold storage and outdoors

Ceroni¹,

Minardi²,

Babini³

et al. 2004

EPPO Bulletin

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The survival of Erwinia amylovora during cold storage or outdoors may be a relevant factor in the spread of fireblight. The survival of E. amylovora was studied in cold storage on pear fruits, on container materials and on packaging paper, and outdoors on wood (oak and poplar) and on polyethylene. The samples were contaminated with a bacterial suspension of a mutant strain, washed, concentrated by centrifugation, and the final concentrates were used for plate counting. In cold storage, reisolation from the calyx was successful even after 101 days, whereas on pear surfaces, it was unsuccessful after just 1 day. On oak and poplar wood, reisolation was obtained up to 77 days in cold storage for both types of wood, but only up to 27 and 55 days, respectively, outdoors. Reisolation from packaging paper in cold storage was successful up to 14 days. Reisolation from polyethylene outdoors was unsuccessful after 24 h. Survival curves were calculated for each material. On the basis of a model of inoculum transmission, and using the survival curves, a phytosanitary risk period for the different types of materials was estimated.

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“…Detection of endophytic (latent) bacteria could be more important. After artificial inoculation, especially late in the season, latent infections and internal movement of the fireblight pathogen were established (Crepel et al ., 1996; Momol et al ., 1998). The significance and occurrence of these latent infections under natural circumstances are still largely unknown.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Possibilities of avoidance and control of bacterial plant diseases when using pathogen‐tested (certified) or ‐treated planting material

Janse

Wenneker

2002

Plant Pathology

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Testing of planting material for freedom from phytopathogenic bacteria is an important, although not exclusive, method for control of bacterial diseases of plants. Ideally, pathogen-free or pathogen-/disease-resistant planting material is desirable, but this situation is not always possible on a practical basis. For most bacterial pathogens, resistance is not available in cultivated hosts, and production of pathogen-free planting material requires strict certification schemes via several routes. These include (i) indexing, with subsequent removal of infected/contaminated material from the production chain; (ii) meristem and other tissue culture production systems; (iii) thermo-or chemotherapy; (iv) plant or seed surface disinfection for epiphytic bacterial pathogens; (v) avoidance or decontamination of contaminated production factors such as substrate, soil or irrigation water. These methods cannot guarantee 100% freedom from the pathogen or disease during crop multiplication from certified planting material, because of factors such as sampling error, experimental error, test sensitivities, limitations of therapies (e.g. phytotoxicity or insufficient penetration), re-introduction of the pathogen, insufficient hygiene or decontamination during planting and multiplication of clean propagating material, and manipulations during trade and production. These factors are discussed with reference to several bacterial plant diseases, in particular control of bacterial brown rot and ring rot of potato in Europe and North America. The most efficient control of bacterial diseases can be expected through a combination of the use of healthy/tested planting material and good cultivation practice, including strict crop and storage hygiene.

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The Latent Survival of Erwinia Amylovora in Hibernating Shoots

Cited by 6 publications

References 0 publications

Development of a Highly Sensitive Nested-PCR Procedure Using a Single Closed Tube for Detection of Erwinia amylovora in Asymptomatic Plant Material

Development of a Highly Sensitive Nested-PCR Procedure Using a Single Closed Tube for Detection of Erwinia amylovora in Asymptomatic Plant Material

Survival of Erwinia amylovora on pears and on fruit containers in cold storage and outdoors

Possibilities of avoidance and control of bacterial plant diseases when using pathogen‐tested (certified) or ‐treated planting material

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