The Late Wenlock Mulde positive carbon isotope (δ<sup>13</sup>C<sub>carb</sub>) excursion in North America

Cramer, Bradley D.; Kleffner, Mark A.; Saltzman, Matthew R.

doi:10.1080/11035890601282085

Cited by 54 publications

(62 citation statements)

References 20 publications

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“…In the past years, several pronounced, positive, short-lived Silurian stable carbon isotope excursions have been verified on different paleocontinents (Samtleben et al 1996(Samtleben et al , 2000Kaljo et al 1997;Wigforss-Lange 1999;Saltzman 2001;Cramer and Saltzman 2005;Martma et al 2005;Cramer et al 2006;Melchin and Holmden 2006;Kaljo and Martma 2006;Lehnert et al 2007; Kaljo et al 2007;Jeppsson et al 2007;Munnecke and Männik 2009). The one in the Late Ludlow with an amplitude of more than 10% in some regions represents the strongest shortlived positive d 13 C excursion known so far.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 92%

Stable carbon isotope development and sea-level changes during the Late Ludlow (Silurian) of the Łysogóry region (Rzepin section, Holy Cross Mountains, Poland)

Kozłowski

Munnecke

2010

Facies

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The Ludlow deposits of the Winnica Formation in the Rzepin section (Holy Cross Mountains, Poland) have been studied with respect to their facies evolution and stable carbon isotope ratios from whole-rock samples. The C-isotope curve of the Rzepin section records a distinct positive excursion with maximal values of ?8.9%. A Late Ludlow positive isotope excursion is known from different paleocontinents and thus is regarded as a global isotope event. The presence of the event allows for a chemostratigraphic correlation of the Rzepin profile with the classical, biostratigraphically well-dated Gotland section. The Ludlow deposits of the Holy Cross Mountains are interpreted in terms of sea-level changes during the isotope excursion. Because the Rzepin and Gotland sections are positioned on the opposite sides of the same foreland basin, a comparison of their sequence stratigraphy allows to test the regularities of the sea-level changes on the shelf of Baltica. In the present paper, a modified view of the recently published sequence stratigraphy of the Gotland succession is presented. Our results indicate that the positive Ludlow d 13 C excursion is connected with prolonged low-stand conditions with small, internal transgressive pulses.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 92%

Stable carbon isotope development and sea-level changes during the Late Ludlow (Silurian) of the Łysogóry region (Rzepin section, Holy Cross Mountains, Poland)

Kozłowski

Munnecke

2010

Facies

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“…Jeppsson 1990;Talent et al 1993;Samtleben et al 1996;Jeppsson and Aldridge 2000;Saltzman 2001Saltzman , 2005Kaljo et al 2003;Lehnert et al 2003;Cramer et al 2006). The overall magnitudes of the Silurian CIEs are today well known and they are well tied to the current graptolite and conodont stratigraphy (Talent et al 1993;Munnecke et al 2003;Porebska et al 2004;Jeppsson 2005;Jeppsson et al 2007).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 94%

A sequence stratigraphical model for the Late Ludfordian (Silurian) of Gotland, Sweden: implications for timing between changes in sea level, palaeoecology, and the global carbon cycle

Eriksson

Calner

2007

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This paper investigates a time interval within the Late Ludfordian (Late Silurian), involving changes in faunal composition (the Lau Event), a major positive carbon isotope excursion (CIE), and contemporaneous sea-level changes in remote palaeo-basins. Based on the Silurian strata of Gotland (Sweden), we integrate sequence stratigraphy, carbon isotope stratigraphy, and platformscale palaeoecological changes associated with this turbulent time period in Earth history. Three depositional sequences (sequences Nos. 1-3), including two separate periods of forced regression (falling stage systems tracts, FSSTs) are identiWed from outcrop and drillcore studies. The sequence stratigraphical framework is interpreted to reXect glacio-eustatic sea-level changes. The CIE starts at the onset of the initial FSST (sequence No. 1), just below the last appearance datum of the conodont Polygnathoides siluricus. The values increase through the ensuing lowstand and transgressive systems tracts (LST and TST) of sequence No. 2 and peak in the following highstand systems tract (HST). A second forced regression (FSST of sequence No. 2) took place in the lower Ozarkodina snajdri Zone. 13 C data are scarce from these siliciclastic strata, but inferably remain high. The 13 C values increase within the LST and earliest TST of sequence No. 3, before a decreasing trend starts within the early TST. 13 C values return to pre-excursion levels within the ensuing HST. The CIE is closely associated with an increase in stromatolites (mats and oncoids) across a wide range of depths and sedimentary environments, and correlations to other basins indicate a global increase in cyanobacterial activity. A drastic decline in level-bottom benthic faunas during the FSST of sequence No. 2 is, however, interpreted as a local response to the progradation of a delta complex (the Burgsvik Sandstone). Biological carbonate production replenishes rapidly within the TST of sequence No. 3, succeeding a thin LST dominated by reworked siliciclastics and chemically precipitated carbonates (ooids). The detailed relationship between the CIE and sea-level change presented herein is not fully consistent with previous reports on the CIEs associated with the lower Silurian Ireviken and Mulde events, respectively. Based on our facies analysis and sequence stratigraphical interpretation, two main mechanisms are suggested as responsible for the Late Ludfordian CIE: (1) a change in the riverine C-weathering Xux towards the 13 C end member following glacio-eustatically induced subaerial exposure of carbonate platforms throughout the tropics, and, (2) increased photosynthetic activity by benthic cyanobacteria exaggerating the 13 C values of precipitated carbonates.

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“…Isotope data from many other Silurian sections exhibit very low oxygen values (below -10‰), indicative of diagenetic modification of the oxygen isotope record, but preserve a largely unmodified carbon isotope signal (see e.g. data 202 presented in Andrew et al 1994, Wigforss-Lange 1999, Cramer et al 2006) with excursions clearly recognizable. One might argue that it is possible that there is no CIE in this interval due to isolation of the Welsh Basin resulting from progressive closure of the Iapetus Ocean (as suggested by Woodcock et al 1988, Smith & Ainsworth 1989.…”

Section: The Upper Leintwardine Formation/lower Whitcliffe Formation mentioning

confidence: 99%

At what stratigraphical level is the mid Ludfordian (Ludlow, Silurian) positive carbon isotope excursion in the type Ludlow area, Shropshire, England?

Loydell¹,

Frýda²

2011

Bull. Geosci.

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The balance of evidence suggests that the mid Ludfordian positive carbon isotope excursion (CIE) commences in the Ludlow area, England in the uppermost Upper Whitcliffe Formation, with the excursion continuing into at least the Platyschisma Shale Member of the overlying Downton Castle Sandstone Formation. The Ludlow Bone Bed Member, at the base of the Downton Castle Sandstone Formation has previously been considered to be of Přídolí age. Conodont and thelodont evidence, however, are consistent with the mid Ludfordian age proposed here. New δ¹³C_org data are presented from Weir Quarry, W of Ludlow, showing a pronounced positive excursion commencing in the uppermost Upper Whitcliffe Formation, in strata with a palynologically very strong marine influence. Elsewhere in the world, the mid Ludfordian positive CIE is associated with major facies changes indicated shallowing; the lithofacies evidence from the Ludlow area is consistent with this. There appears not to be a major stratigraphical break at the base of the Ludlow Bone Bed Member

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The Late Wenlock Mulde positive carbon isotope (δ¹³C_carb) excursion in North America

Cited by 54 publications

References 20 publications

Stable carbon isotope development and sea-level changes during the Late Ludlow (Silurian) of the Łysogóry region (Rzepin section, Holy Cross Mountains, Poland)

Stable carbon isotope development and sea-level changes during the Late Ludlow (Silurian) of the Łysogóry region (Rzepin section, Holy Cross Mountains, Poland)

A sequence stratigraphical model for the Late Ludfordian (Silurian) of Gotland, Sweden: implications for timing between changes in sea level, palaeoecology, and the global carbon cycle

At what stratigraphical level is the mid Ludfordian (Ludlow, Silurian) positive carbon isotope excursion in the type Ludlow area, Shropshire, England?

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The Late Wenlock Mulde positive carbon isotope (δ13Ccarb) excursion in North America

Cited by 54 publications

References 20 publications

Stable carbon isotope development and sea-level changes during the Late Ludlow (Silurian) of the Łysogóry region (Rzepin section, Holy Cross Mountains, Poland)

Stable carbon isotope development and sea-level changes during the Late Ludlow (Silurian) of the Łysogóry region (Rzepin section, Holy Cross Mountains, Poland)

A sequence stratigraphical model for the Late Ludfordian (Silurian) of Gotland, Sweden: implications for timing between changes in sea level, palaeoecology, and the global carbon cycle

At what stratigraphical level is the mid Ludfordian (Ludlow, Silurian) positive carbon isotope excursion in the type Ludlow area, Shropshire, England?

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The Late Wenlock Mulde positive carbon isotope (δ¹³C_carb) excursion in North America