The larval head anatomy of <scp><i>R</i></scp><i>hyacophila</i> (Rhyacophilidae) with discussion on mouthpart homology and the groundplan of Trichoptera

Friedrich, Frank; Schulz, J.; Kubiak, Martin; Beckmann, Felix; Wilde, Fabian

doi:10.1002/jmor.20475

Cited by 9 publications

(7 citation statements)

References 37 publications

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“…Although analytical methods do influence conclusions about the size of microplastics formed, the size and morphology of an organism's feeding appendages are likely to be closely linked to the size of the microplastics that are formed. Like other insects, caddisfly larvae have a well‐developed mouth, consisting of sclerotized paired mandibles, paired maxillae, and associated maxillary palps and galea, all of which function together to manipulate, guide, and fragment material (Baptista et al, 2006 ; Friedrich et al, 2015 ; Holzenthal et al, 2015 ). Agrypnia sp.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Caddisfly Larvae are a Driver of Plastic Litter Breakdown and Microplastic Formation in Freshwater Environments

Valentine

Cross

Cox

et al. 2022

Enviro Toxic and Chemistry

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Plastic litter is now pervasive in the aquatic environment. Several marine and terrestrial organisms can fragment plastic with their feeding appendages, facilitating its breakdown and generating microplastics. However, similar studies with freshwater organisms are extremely limited. We explored the interactions between the caddisfly larvae Agrypnia sp. and polylactic acid (PLA) film. The use of plastic by larvae to build their protective cases was investigated, along with their ability to fragment the plastic film as they do with leaf litter. Caddisfly consistently incorporated PLA into their cases alongside leaf material. They also used their feeding appendages to rapidly fragment PLA—forming hundreds of submillimeter‐sized microplastics. Although larvae showed a preference for leaf material when constructing cases, plastic use and fragmentation still occurred when leaf material was replete, indicating that this behavior is likely to occur in natural environments that are polluted with plastics. This is thought to be the first documented evidence of active plastic modification by a freshwater invertebrate and therefore reveals a previously unidentified mechanism of plastic fragmentation and microplastic formation in freshwater. Further work is now needed to determine the extent of this behavior across freshwater taxa and the potential implications for the wider ecosystem. Environ Toxicol Chem 2022;41:3058–3069. © 2022 The Authors. Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry published by Wiley Periodicals LLC on behalf of SETAC.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Caddisfly Larvae are a Driver of Plastic Litter Breakdown and Microplastic Formation in Freshwater Environments

Valentine

Cross

Cox

et al. 2022

Enviro Toxic and Chemistry

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“…trifidus 14 , 30 . Comparative studies on homologous structures of larval head anatomy and morphology across Trichoptera and other groups are outside the scope of this work, but are available elsewhere 31 , 32 .…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Comparing head muscles among Drusinae clades (Insecta: Trichoptera) reveals high congruence despite strong contrasts in head shape

Zittra

Vitecek

Schwaha

et al. 2022

Sci Rep

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The subfamily Drusinae (Limnephilidae, Trichoptera) comprises a range of species exhibiting differently shaped head capsules in their larval stages. These correspond to evolutionary lineages pursuing different larval feeding ecologies, each of which uses a different hydraulic niche: scraping grazers and omnivorous shredders sharing rounded head capsules and filtering carnivores with indented and corrugated head capsules. In this study, we assess whether changes in head capsule morphology are reflected by changes in internal anatomy of Drusinae heads. To this end, internal and external head morphology was visualized using µCT methods and histological sections in three Drusinae species—Drusus franzi, D. discolor and D. bosnicus—representing the three evolutionary lineages. Our results indicate that Drusinae head musculature is highly conserved across the evolutionary lineages with only minute changes between taxa. Conversely, the tentorium is reduced in D. discolor, the species with the most aberrant head capsule investigated here. Integrating previous research on Drusinae head anatomy, we propose a fundamental Drusinae blueprint comprising 29 cephalic muscles and discuss significance of larval head capsule corrugation in Trichoptera.

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“…A simplification characterizing adults and larvae is the fusion of the prelabium with the hypopharynx, associated with the innovation of an apically placed silk gland orifice in the immatures (e.g. Hasenfuss and Kristensen, 2003;Friedrich et al, 2015). Simplifications in the adult thorax (Fig.…”

Section: Amphiesmenopteramentioning

confidence: 99%

Patterns of morphological simplification and innovation in the megadiverse Holometabola (Insecta)

2021

Self Cite

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We analyzed patterns of complexity and simplicity in holometabolan insects using parsimony and maximum-likelihood. By contrast with other groups of arthropods (and most other groups of animals), insects have undergone a stepwise process of structural simplification in their evolution. The megadiverse Holometabola are characterized mainly by structurally simplified larvae, which differ strongly from the adults in their morphology and usually also in their life habits. Although smaller groups such as Neuropterida have largely maintained their structural complexity in adults and immature life stages, a series of reductions occurred with the appearance and diversification of Coleopterida, Mecopterida and especially Antliophora. Parasitic Strepsiptera or fleas display conspicuous patterns of reduction in different life stages and body regions, and high degrees of simplification also occur in groups with short-lived adults. Larvae living in moist substrates display far-reaching structural simplifications and also morphological uniformity, especially in the species-rich Diptera, but also in other groups. Liquid feeding leads to correlated simplifications and innovation of adult head structures, especially of the mouthparts. Functional or anatomical dipterism leads to an optimization of the flight apparatus in most holometabolous groups, which is correlated with reductions in one of the pterothoracic segments, and coupled (e.g. by hamuli), partly reduced or transformed wings (e.g. halteres). In flightless groups, the pterothoracic skeleto-muscular apparatus is strongly simplified. In the abdomen of adult females a stepwise reduction of the lepismatoid ovipositor occurs. By contrast, the male genital apparatus often undergoes an extreme diversification. Our evaluations revealed a highly correlated complexity between larval and adult stages.

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The larval head anatomy of Rhyacophila (Rhyacophilidae) with discussion on mouthpart homology and the groundplan of Trichoptera

Cited by 9 publications

References 37 publications

Caddisfly Larvae are a Driver of Plastic Litter Breakdown and Microplastic Formation in Freshwater Environments

Caddisfly Larvae are a Driver of Plastic Litter Breakdown and Microplastic Formation in Freshwater Environments

Comparing head muscles among Drusinae clades (Insecta: Trichoptera) reveals high congruence despite strong contrasts in head shape

Patterns of morphological simplification and innovation in the megadiverse Holometabola (Insecta)

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