The Larvæ of Donacia Piscatrix, Lac., and Crassipes, Fab.

Sanderson, E. Dwight

doi:10.4039/ent32249-9

Cited by 6 publications

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“…Mouthparts. Sanderson (1900) and Paterson (1931) briefly discussed differences of larval mouthparts at the subfamily level and pointed out some unusual features of Donaciinae. Paterson (1931) found resemblances between Lema (Criocerinae) and Cassidinae in setal arrangements.…”

Section: Morphology Of Eggs (Fig 15)mentioning

confidence: 99%

Biology and Phylogeny of the Cassidinae Gyllenhal Sensu Lato (Tortoise and Leaf-Mining Beetles) (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae)

Chaboo¹

2007

Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History

140

163

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A parsimony analysis was undertaken to test subfamily and tribal group concepts of Cassidinae (ca. 2000 genera, ca. 6000 species). An integrated account of their biology was synthesized from the primary literature. A detailed morphological study of adults, using Hemisphaerota palmarum Boheman as a model, formed the basis for evaluating characters previously utilized and for defining novel characters. The data matrix comprised 210 characters (from adults and immature stages, ecology and behavior), 6 outgroups, and 98 ingroup exemplar species (representing 94 genera and 39 of the 43 recognized cassidine tribes). Results support the monophyly of Cassidinae and place it as sister to Galerucinae. The classical Hispinae s.str. is paraphyletic whereas the classical Cassidinae s.str. is monophyletic if some Imatidiine genera are included. Four tribes-Aproidini, Delocraniini, Hemisphaerotini, and Notosacanthini-are well supported by many autapomorphies. Multiple genera were sampled to test the monophyly of 14 cassidine tribes. Seven were recovered as monophyletic: Anisoderini, Cassidini, Dorynotini, Eugenysini, Hispini, Omocerini, and Spilophorini. Relationships and character support of all cassidine tribes are discussed and compared with phylogenies proposed by Borowiec (1995) and Hsiao and Windsor (1999).The biological account and these phylogenetic results provide an opportunity for identifying some general trends and major innovations in the evolutionary history of Cassidinae. The alteration of the adult head from prognathy to hypognathy and the compaction of the body, legs, and various elytral-locking mechanisms are recurrent themes in adult morphology. Maternal care may have arisen once or twice. Seven trophic guilds are defined here for Cassidine larvae. They arise from two large radiations of leaf-mining and exophagous-feeding, a minor radiation in cryptic rolled-leaf feeding, and small generic and sub-generic specializations in stem mining, leaf scraping, petalophagy, and leaf-shelter chewers. Fecal shield construction and retention appear to be correlated with innovations in life history and in larval and pupal morphology, and they may have played an important role in cassidine diversification.

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Section: Morphology Of Eggs (Fig 15)mentioning

confidence: 99%

Biology and Phylogeny of the Cassidinae Gyllenhal Sensu Lato (Tortoise and Leaf-Mining Beetles) (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae)

Chaboo¹

2007

Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History

140

163

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“…The larvae of Donacia (figs. 1, 5) were first described by Kunze (1818) and since then the structure of their spiracles has been studied by a long succession of workers, notable amongst whom are Schmidt-Schwedt (1887, 1889)) Dewitz (1888)) Sanderson (1900), MacGillivray (1903), Boving (1906 and Deibel(l910). That the peculiar spiracular hooks on the eighth abdominal segment are concerned with respiration has been generally agreed, and that the tips of the hooks are actually inserted into the roots of the plants on which the larvae feed was noted by von Siebold(l859)and confirmedby the careful observations of Schmidt-Schwedt (1887) and has not since been disputed.…”

Section: On the Strcctgre And Function O F The Hind Spiraclesmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Most authors are agreed that in the fully grown larva each spiracular hook contains two pairs of air-filled chambers which are separate over the greater part of the length of the hooks, but whereas Schmidt-Schwedt (1889) and Deibel (1910) considered the upper and lower chambers to be separated incompletely from one another, MacGillivray (1903), Sanderson (1900) and Boving (1910) believed the partition between them to be complete, though Sanderson thought that the membrane between them might act as a gill. Deibel, Schmidt-Schwedt and Sanderson found that the upper paired chambers communicated with the outside by longitudinal slits, but MacGillivray and Boving thought that the apparent slits were covered over by thin membranes.…”

Section: On the Strcctgre And Function O F The Hind Spiraclesmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…That the peculiar spiracular hooks on the eighth abdominal segment are concerned with respiration has been generally agreed, and that the tips of the hooks are actually inserted into the roots of the plants on which the larvae feed was noted by von Siebold(l859)and confirmedby the careful observations of Schmidt-Schwedt (1887) and has not since been disputed. However, no two authors seem to have been in agreement as to the way in which the hooks function as spiracles, and there is considerable dispute as to the interpretation of their structure.Most authors are agreed that in the fully grown larva each spiracular hook contains two pairs of air-filled chambers which are separate over the greater part of the length of the hooks, but whereas Schmidt-Schwedt (1889) and Deibel (1910) considered the upper and lower chambers to be separated incompletely from one another, MacGillivray (1903), Sanderson (1900 and Boving (1910) believed the partition between them to be complete, though Sanderson thought that the membrane between them might act as a gill. Deibel, Schmidt-Schwedt and Sanderson found that the upper paired chambers communicated with the outside by longitudinal slits, but MacGillivray and Boving thought that the apparent slits were covered over by thin membranes.…”

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ON THE STRUCTURE AND FUNCTION OF THE HIND SPIRACLES OF THE LARVA OF THE BEETLE DON ACIA (COLEOPTERA, CHRYSOMELIDAE)

Varley¹

1939

Proceedings of the Royal Entomological Society of London. Serie

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THE early stages of a number of different insects live in mud and obtain their supply of oxygen by piercing the roots of plants with their specially modified spiracles. I n a previous paper (Varley, 1937) it was shown that the sharp piercing spiracles of the larvae of the flies Clarysogaster (SYRPHIDAE) and Notiphila (EPHYDRIDAE) have openings close to their tips so that by piercing a root a larva a t once puts its tracheal system in direct connection with the gas in the intercellular spaces in the root, which, as Ege (1915) has shown, may contain up to 12% of oxygen. The larvae of the Chrysomelid beetle Donacia semictcpea Pz. live side by side with these fly larvae, and they also pierce the roots with their strong hook-like hind spiracles. It seemed curious then that in the most recent detailed account of the spiracles of Donacia (Boving, 1910) it was concluded that the functional spiracular openings were not in such a position that they could be inserted into the roots, but were at the very base of the hooks. The opinion was therefore expressed (Varley, 1937) that certain apparent slits in the hooks, which were considered by Boving to be covered over by thin membranes, might be the true spiracular openings, and enable the spiracles to function in the same way as do those of the fly larvae already mentioned. Ege (1915) makes the same suggestion. I n 1938 I had the great pleasure of meeting Dr. Boving, and he encouraged me to reinvestigate the structure and function of these specialised spiracles.The larvae of Donacia (figs. 1, 5) were first described by Kunze (1818) and since then the structure of their spiracles has been studied by a long succession of workers, notable amongst whom are Schmidt-Schwedt (1887, 1889)) Dewitz (1888)) Sanderson (1900), MacGillivray (1903), Boving (1906Boving ( , 1910 and Deibel(l910). That the peculiar spiracular hooks on the eighth abdominal segment are concerned with respiration has been generally agreed, and that the tips of the hooks are actually inserted into the roots of the plants on which the larvae feed was noted by von Siebold(l859)and confirmedby the careful observations of Schmidt-Schwedt (1887) and has not since been disputed. However, no two authors seem to have been in agreement as to the way in which the hooks function as spiracles, and there is considerable dispute as to the interpretation of their structure.Most authors are agreed that in the fully grown larva each spiracular hook contains two pairs of air-filled chambers which are separate over the greater part of the length of the hooks, but whereas Schmidt-Schwedt (1889) and Deibel (1910) considered the upper and lower chambers to be separated incompletely from one another, MacGillivray (1903), Sanderson (1900 and Boving (1910) believed the partition between them to be complete, though Sanderson thought that the membrane between them might act as a gill. Deibel, Schmidt-Schwedt and Sanderson found that the upper paired chambers communicated with the outside by longitudinal slits, but MacGillivray and Bovin...

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“…Their figures, which show the general appearance of the larva, puparium, and adult, have been repeated in many publications since. Sanderson (1900) described the larva, puparium, and imago more completely and illustrated them with actual photographs. Metcalf (1913b) pictures the posterior respiratory process of the puparium and the outline of the puparium but does not give a new description.…”

Section: Mesogramma Polita Saymentioning

confidence: 99%

A Classification of the Larvae and Puparia of the Syrphidae of Illinois Exclusive of Aquatic Forms

1938

Annals of the Entomological Society of America

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ILLINOIS BIOLOGICAL MONOGRAPHS orly attenuated, twelve-segmented, subcylindrical larva. The cephalopharyngeal skeleton consists of the three typical sclerites of cyclorrhaphous larvae. The vertically-moving mandibular sclerites are supplemented by one or several pairs of small chitinized lateral hooks which work horizontally to seize the prey. Above the mouth opening is a pair of soft, fleshy antennal tubercles, each bearing apically a pair of minute processes. The segments of the head are retractile, making their number difficult to distinguish. The short, rigid, heavily chitinized, anterior spiracular processes are generally considered by authors to be prothoracic, and the segment on which they are located appears to be the third. Behind this are nine segments exhibiting considerable secondary segmentation. Each segment bears twelve two-segmented, but simple spines, more or less elevated on rounded tubercles. On the anterior segments, they are in a nearly transverse row, but on the main body segments the various pairs occupy successively more posterior annulets, always in a definite position. The six segmental spines of each side have been named by Metcalf (1913b), beginning at the mid-dorsal line and progressing outward, as illustrated in Fig. 2: median, dorsal, dorso-lateral, lateral and two pairs of ventrolaterals, posterior ventro-lateral, and anterior ventro-lateral. The integument is tough, but transparent and delicate in appearance. It is indistinctly divided into segments, each with four or five annulets. On the ventral surface are numerous lump-like expansions, and the whole surface, more or less, is brought into play as a creeping sole, but there are never any proleg-like structures as in the saprophytic forms. Two anterior respiratory processes and a single posterior respiratory process are usually present. The posterior spiracles in this group are always three pairs of slits borne on the tip of two rigid tubes more or less completely fused into a posterior respiratory process which often protrudes considerably from the surface of the body. The surface on which the spiracles are borne has been designated the posterior spiracular plate. In addition to the spiracles, the posterior spiracular plate bears the scar of a former spiracle, a circular, rather weakly chitinized area, the circular plate, always located dorsad of the center of the posterior spiracular plate. Median to the circular plate there may be present a spine or ridge, elevated above the surface, the dorsal spur, and between the spiracles are, variously, nodules, setae, or frilled lamellae, but, in aphidophagous syrphids, never plumose hairs. These structures are referred to as inters piracular nodules, inters piracidar setae, and inters piracular lamellae. The rectal gills are structures which seem to afford, in different genera, interesting characters. They are rarely found extruded in aphidophagous forms, although the writer has seen some score of larvae of this type with the rectal gills fully everted in preserved larvae. No infallible...

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The Larvæ of Donacia Piscatrix, Lac., and Crassipes, Fab.

Cited by 6 publications

References 0 publications

Biology and Phylogeny of the Cassidinae Gyllenhal Sensu Lato (Tortoise and Leaf-Mining Beetles) (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae)

Biology and Phylogeny of the Cassidinae Gyllenhal Sensu Lato (Tortoise and Leaf-Mining Beetles) (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae)

ON THE STRUCTURE AND FUNCTION OF THE HIND SPIRACLES OF THE LARVA OF THE BEETLE DON ACIA (COLEOPTERA, CHRYSOMELIDAE)

A Classification of the Larvae and Puparia of the Syrphidae of Illinois Exclusive of Aquatic Forms

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