The Landscape of Biomimetic Nanovesicles in Brain Diseases

Abstract

Brain diseases, such as brain tumors, neurodegenerative diseases, cerebrovascular diseases and brain injuries, are caused by various pathophysiological changes such as excessive or impaired angiogenesis, neuroinflammation, immune activation or suppression, neurodegenerative disorders, and neurovirulent protein deposition, which poses a serious health threat. Brain disorders are often difficult to treat due to the presence of the blood‐brain barrier (BBB), which hinders the delivery of drugs to the brain. Biomimetic nanovesicles (BNVs), including endogenous extracellular vesicles (EVs) derived from various cells and artificial nanovesicles (ANVs), possess the ability to penetrate the BBB and thus can be utilized for drug delivery to the brain. BNVs, especially endogenous EVs, are widely distributed in body fluids and usually carry various disease‐related signal molecules such as proteins, RNA and DNA, and may therefore also be analyzed to understand the etiology and pathogenesis of brain diseases. This review will cover the exhaustive classification and characterization of BNVs and pathophysiological roles involved in various brain diseases, and emphatically focus on nanotechnology‐integrated BNVs for brain disease theranostics, including various diagnosis strategies and precise therapeutic regulations (e.g., immunity regulation, disordered protein clearance, anti‐neuroinflammation, neuro‐regeneration, angiogenesis and the gut‐brain axis regulation). We also discuss and outline the remaining challenges and future perspectives regarding the nanotechnology‐integrated BNVs for the diagnosis and treatment of brain diseases.This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved

Human Glial Cells as Innovative Targets for the Therapy of Central Nervous System Pathologies

“…An alternative emerging strategy could be represented by the exploitation of one particular route of communication utilized by many cell populations not only in the CNS, i.e., the release of extracellular vesicles (EVs). EVs are classified based on their dimensions, are delimited by a double layer membrane, contain a huge variety of cell components, including nucleic acids, proteins, small interfering RNAs, neurotransmitters, lipids and others [102], and are produced under physiological conditions by virtually all cells in the body to promote cell-to-cell communication. Since they are often released in the bloodstream and in other circulating fluids, including the cerebrospinal fluid, their effects can be observed at a distance from the cell of origin.…”

“…Alternative strategies, including the laboratory production of artificial nanovesicles, are currently under development, so that their composition, structure and characteristics can be fully controlled and modulated according to the needs of a specific patient. Not less importantly, thanks to their ability to permeate the blood-brain barrier, EVs can also be utilized to directly deliver drugs to the CNS, as recently reviewed in [102].…”

Protein Coronas Derived from Mucus Act as Both Spear and Shield to Regulate Transferrin Functionalized Nanoparticle Transcellular Transport in Enterocytes

“…Considering the inevitability of the formation and its criticality to the fate of NPs, the exploration of PCs may provide an insight for NPs to overcome the BB in GIT. 17,19 Artificial biomimetic coatings (e.g., cell membrane coated particles, 25,26 reconstructed extracellular vesicles 27,28 ) could greatly improve the drug delivery efficiency of NDDS via influencing the nanobio interaction. 26,29 Recent research has demonstrated that the negative impacts of PCs can be surmounted and converted to beneficial impacts based on the artificial reconstruction of PCs coatings.…”

“…Artificial biomimetic coatings (e.g., cell membrane coated particles, , reconstructed extracellular vesicles , ) could greatly improve the drug delivery efficiency of NDDS via influencing the nanobio interaction. , Recent research has demonstrated that the negative impacts of PCs can be surmounted and converted to beneficial impacts based on the artificial reconstruction of PCs coatings. ,, For example, Liu et al found that the key to slowing the clearance of viral vaccines (OVs) from the bloodstream was to restrict the natural formation of viral-PCs in the plasma. Therefore, they used serum proteins to form artificial virus-PCs on OVs, which prevented the formation of viral-PCs and reduced clearance rates.…”

Biomimetic Nanocomposites for Glioma Imaging and Therapy

“…It is helping to reduce their limitations and maximize their advantages. Moreover, in the aspect of the outer shell, the biomembranes can be extracted from various sources, including red blood cells, glioma cells, brain metastatic tumor cells, immune cells, exosomes and so on [12] . The coating of different biomembranes can endow nanocomposites with different capabilities, such as good biocompatibility, extended circulation time, homologous tumor or inflammation targeting, and enhanced BBB penetration, facilitating efficient monitoring of disease progression, accurate differentiation of tumor tissues, and significant improvement of anti‐tumor effectiveness [13] …”