“…It is essential to understand the forces acting on bends and bifurcations in blood veins, as well as whether the flow is laminar or turbulent, similar to how water moves through pipes. Because blood has non-Newtonian qualities, it behaves differently in tubes than water does (Nubar, 1966). Particles, notably red blood cells, and the presence of pressure gradients, artery diameters, and other variables all influence blood flow.…”