THE LACK OF CEREBRAL EFFECTS OF d -TUBOCUARINE

Smith, Scott M.; Brown, Hugh O.; Toman, James E. P.; Goodman, Louis S.

doi:10.1097/00000542-194701000-00001

Cited by 208 publications

(70 citation statements)

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“…Sleep has been observed in unanaesthetized dogs following injections of small amounts of tubocurarine into the carotid or vertebral artery (Haranath, Sunanda-bai & Venkatakrishna-bhaitt, 1967;Haranath & Indiranarayan, 1971). On the other hand, Smith, Brown, Toman & Goodman (1947) found no central effects of tubocurarine in an unanaesthetized subject (one of the authors weighing 80 kg) who was given an intravenous infusion of 30 mg in 15 min followed by three intravenous injections of 15 mg during the following 15 min and later by frequent intravenous injections of neostigmine. Any sleep-inducing effect of the tubocurarine may have been prevented by the continuous sensory stimuli arising from the intubated trachea, the accumulated secretions and from the constant questioning.…”

Section: Tubocurarine-induced Sleep Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Sleep induced by small doses of tubocurarine injected into cerebral ventricles of dog

Haranath

1973

British J Pharmacology

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Section: Tubocurarine-induced Sleep Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Sleep induced by small doses of tubocurarine injected into cerebral ventricles of dog

Haranath

1973

British J Pharmacology

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“…Curare, a neuromuscular blocker (Colquhoun et al, 1979;Katz & Miledi, 1973) without central nervous system effects because of its inability to cross the blood-brain barrier (Smith et al, 1947), produces motor impairment. As expected, curare increased correct response latency and omissions (see Table 1), measures associated with motor deficits (Robbins, 2002 …”

Section: Effects Of Motor Impairment On 5csrtt Performancementioning

confidence: 99%

The effects of the mGluR5 antagonist MPEP and the mGluR2/3 antagonist LY341495 on rats' performance in the 5-choice serial reaction time task

Semenova¹,

Markou²

2007

Neuropharmacology

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Schizophrenia is characterized by attentional deficits possibly associated with glutamate dysfunction. The role of postsynaptic metabotropic glutamate 5 (mGluR5) or presynaptic inhibitory mGluR2/3 on attention is currently unknown. We investigated the effects of the mGluR5 antagonist MPEP and the mGluR2/3 antagonist LY341495 on attention in the 5-choice serial reaction time task (5CSRTT), as well as on food intake to evaluate their effects on food motivation. The effects of pre-feeding and the muscle relaxant curare were examined to characterize the effects of alterations in motivation or the ability to perform the task, respectively. MPEP had no effect on accuracy but overall decreased performance in the 5CSRTT, including decreased speed of responding and decreased premature responses. LY341495 had no significant effect on rats' performance in the 5CSRTT. LY341495 decreased food intake in the home cage to a greater extent than MPEP. Curare decreased the speed of correct responding, reflecting motor impairment. Free feeding decreased overall performance, number of trials completed and number of head entries into the feeder, reflecting decreased motivation to perform the task. Thus, blockade of mGluR5, but not mGluR2/3, decreased overall responding without affecting accuracy in the 5CSRTT. Keywordsattention; metabotropic glutamate receptors; MPEP; LY341495; schizophrenia; rat Cognitive deficits are now regarded as a core feature of schizophrenia (Elvevag & Goldberg, 2000;Lewis et al., 2004), and include disturbances in selective attention (Mirsky, 1969;Carter et al., 1992;Hagan & Jones, 2005;an der Heiden & Hafner, 2000;Hughes et al., 2003) and working memory (Carter et al., 1996;Gold et al., 1997). Presently available pharmacological treatments produce little improvement in the cognitive and attentional deficits in schizophrenia patients.Pharmacological blockade of N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptors induced schizophrenia-like cognitive deficits in healthy subjects, and exacerbated positive and negative symptoms in schizophrenia patients (Krystal et al., 1994;Adler et al., 1999;Lahti et al., Correspondence to: Athina Markou.Athina Markou, Ph.D., Department of Psychiatry, School of Medicine, University of California San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, M/C 0603, La Jolla, California 92093-0603, USA; tel: (858) 534-1572, fax: (858) 858-534-7653, e-mail: amarkou@ucsd.edu. Publisher's Disclaimer: This is a PDF file of an unedited manuscript that has been accepted for publication. As a service to our customers we are providing this early version of the manuscript. The manuscript will undergo copyediting, typesetting, and review of the resulting proof before it is published in its final citable form. Please note that during the production process errors may be discovered which could affect the content, and all legal disclaimers that apply to the journal pertain. (Krystal et al., 2003;Moghaddam, 2003Moghaddam, , 2004Tamminga, 1998). Glutamate mediates its actions via activation of both ionotropic and metabotropic (...

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“…Despite these findings, it is not clear that silent reading always entails subvocal speech. As counterexamples, studies suggest that inner speech is faster than overt speech (Anderson, 1982;Foss & Hakes, 1978), that inner speech lags behind comprehension (Gough, 1972;Rohrman & Gough, 1967;although see McGuigan, 1984), and that thought can occur without subarticulation (Smith, Brown, Toman, & Goodman, 1947).…”

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What the reader’s eye tells the mind’s ear: Silent reading activates inner speech

Abramson

Goldinger

1997

Perception & Psychophysics

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Although copious research has investigated the role of phonology in reading, little research has investigated the precise nature of the entailed speech representations. The present study examined the similarity of "inner speech" in reading to overt speech. Two lexical decision experiments (in which participants gave speeded word/nonword classifications to letter strings) assessed the effects of implicit variations in vowel and word-initial consonant length. Responses were generally slower for phonetically long stimuli than for phonetically short stimuli, despite equal orthographic lengths. Moreover, the phonetic length effects displayed principled interactions with common factors known to affect lexical decisions, such as word frequency and the similarity of words to nonwords. Both phonetic length effects were stronger among slower readers. The data suggest that acoustic representations activated in silent reading are best characterized as inner speech rather than as abstract phonological codes.

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THE LACK OF CEREBRAL EFFECTS OF d -TUBOCUARINE

Cited by 208 publications

References 0 publications

Sleep induced by small doses of tubocurarine injected into cerebral ventricles of dog

Sleep induced by small doses of tubocurarine injected into cerebral ventricles of dog

The effects of the mGluR5 antagonist MPEP and the mGluR2/3 antagonist LY341495 on rats' performance in the 5-choice serial reaction time task

What the reader’s eye tells the mind’s ear: Silent reading activates inner speech

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