The lack of association between herpes simplex virus 1 or Toxoplasma gondii infection and cognitive decline in the general population: An 11-year follow-up study

Holm, Minna; Suvisaari, Jaana; Lindgren, Maija; Härkänen, Tommi; Dickerson, Faith; Yolken, Robert H.

doi:10.1016/j.bbi.2018.11.016

Cited by 31 publications

(38 citation statements)

References 35 publications

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“…While these findings are consistent with findings from several previous studies indicating worse cognitive function associated with Toxoplasma gondii [12-16, 18, 22, 29], they differ from other published studies [19][20][21] that did not find associations between Toxoplasma gondii and cognitive function. Several possible factors could account for these different findings,…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 87%

“…Infecting approximately one-third of the world's human population [6] and having a worldwide distribution [7], T. gondii can persist in the brain for the life of the host [8]. In addition to possibly influencing human behavior [8][9][10] and showing an association with schizophrenia [11], some [12][13][14][15][16][17][18] but not all [19][20][21] evidence suggests that T. gondii in humans is adversely associated with cognitive function. Moreover, the results of a recent meta-analysis showed an association between T. gondii and dementia [22].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…gondii can persist in the brain for the life of the host [ 8 ]. In addition to possibly influencing human behavior [ 8 – 10 ] and showing an association with schizophrenia [ 11 ], some [ 12 – 18 ] but not all [ 19 – 21 ] evidence suggests that T . gondii in humans is adversely associated with cognitive function.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Toxoplasma gondii seropositivity and serointensity and cognitive function in adults

et al. 2020

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Infecting approximately one-third of the world's human population, Toxoplasma gondii has been associated with cognitive function. Here, we sought to further characterize the association between Toxoplasma gondii and cognitive function in a community sample of adults aged approximately 40 to70 years. Using adjusted linear regression models, we found associations of Toxoplasma gondii seropositivity with worse reasoning (b =-.192, p < .05) and matrix pattern completion (b =-.681, p < .01), of higher anti-Toxoplasma gondii p22 antibody levels with worse reasoning (b =-.078, p < .01) and slower Trails (numeric) performance (b = 5.962, p < .05), of higher anti-Toxoplasma gondii sag1 levels with worse reasoning (b =-.081, p < .05) and worse matrix pattern completion (b =-.217, p < .05), and of higher mean of the anti-Toxoplasma gondii p22 and sag1 levels with worse reasoning (b =-.112, p < .05), slower Trails (numeric) performance (b = 9.195, p < .05), and worse matrix pattern completion (b =-.245, p < .05). Neither age nor educational attainment moderated associations between the measures of Toxoplasma gondii seropositivity or serointensity. Sex, however, moderated the association between the sag1 titer and digit-symbol substitution and the association between the mean of the p22 and sag1 levels and digit-symbol substitution, and income moderated the association between Toxoplasma gondii seropositivity and numeric memory and the association between the p22 level and symbol-digit substitution. Based on the available neuropsychological tasks in this study, Toxoplasma gondii seropositivity and serointensity were associated with some aspects of poorer executive function in adults.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 87%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Toxoplasma gondii seropositivity and serointensity and cognitive function in adults

et al. 2020

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“…Another study looking at HSV IgG antibodies and dementia revealed a HR of 1.67 (95% CI: 0.75; 3.73) 22 , yet both of these studies failed to differentiate between HSV1 and HSV2 antibodies. A third prospective cohort study studying the same association found a HR of 0.77 (95% CI: 0.58; 1.04) for HSV1 speci c IgG antibodies 23 . It is possible that the presence of HSV1 IgG antibodies does not lead to constant in ammation; therefore, the latent virus is not associated with greater cognitive disturbances.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 81%

Herpes Simplex Virus 1 and the Risk of Dementia: A Population-Based Study

Murphy

Fani

Ikram

et al. 2020

Preprint

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IntroductionHerpes Simplex Virus 1 (HSV1) is a neuroinvasive virus capable of entering the brain which makes it a candidate pathogen for increasing risk of dementia. Previous studies are inconsistent in their findings regarding the link between HSV1 and dementia, therefore, we investigated how HSV1 relates to cognitive decline and dementia risk using data from a population-based study. MethodsWe measured HSV1 immunoglobulin (IgG) antibodies in serum collected between 2002 and 2005 from participants of the Rotterdam Study. We used linear regression to determine HSV1 in relation to change in cognitive performance during 2 consecutive examination rounds on average 6,5 years apart. Next, we determined the association of HSV1 with risk of dementia (until 2016) using a Cox regression model. We repeated analyses for Alzheimer’s disease. All models were adjusted for age, sex, cardiovascular risk factors, and apolipoprotein E genotype. Results Of 1,915 non-demented participants (mean age 71.3 years, 56.7% women), with an average follow-up time of 9.1 years, 244 participants developed dementia (of whom 203 Alzheimer’s disease). HSV1 seropositivity was associated with decline in global cognition (mean difference per standard deviation -0.16; 95% confidence interval (95%CI), -0.26; -0.07), as well as separate cognitive domains, namely memory, information processing, and executive function, but not motor function. Finally, HSV1 seropositivity was not associated with risk of dementia (adjusted hazard ratio, 1.18, 95%CI, 0.83; 1.68), similar for Alzheimer’s disease. DiscussionHSV1 is associated with cognitive decline but not with incident dementia in the general population. These data suggest HSV1 to be associated only with subtle cognitive disturbances but not with greater cognitive disorders that result in dementia.

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“…Toxoplasma gondii is an intracellular parasite, most commonly spread by food or water that is contaminated with oocysts shed by cats, or by eating meat-containing tissue cysts, whereas the herpes viruses spread mostly through bodily fluids, and are among the most common viruses in humans. In recent studies of the general population in Finland, the seropositivity prevalence in adults was 20% for T. gondii [1], 72% for HSV-1 [2], 84% for CMV, and 98% for EBV [3]. Associations between these infections and mental health have been repeatedly found.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 98%

Exposure to common infections and risk of suicide and self-harm: a longitudinal general population study

Lindgren

Holm

Markkula

et al. 2020

Eur Arch Psychiatry Clin Neurosci

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Common infectious agents, such as Toxoplasma gondii (T. gondii) and several human herpes viruses, have been linked to increased risk of self-harm. The aim of this study was to investigate the associations between self-harm and seropositivity to T. gondii, Epstein-Barr virus (EBV), Herpes Simplex virus Type 1 (HSV-1), and Cytomegalovirus (CMV). IgM and IgG antibodies to these infections were measured in the Health 2000 project nationally representative of the whole Finnish adult population, and 6250 participants, age 30 and over, were followed for 15 years via registers. In addition, lifetime suicidal ideation and suicide attempts based on medical records and interview were assessed within a subsample of 694 participants screened to a substudy for possible psychotic symptoms or as controls. Among the 6250 participants, 14 individuals died of suicide and an additional 4 individuals had a diagnosis of intentional self-harm during follow-up. Serological evidence of lifetime or acute infections was not found to be associated with these suicidal outcomes. However, in the subsample, those seropositive for CMV had fewer suicide attempts compared to those seronegative, adjusting for gender, age, educational level, childhood family size, regional residence, CRP, and screen status (OR for multiple attempts = 0.40, 95% confidence interval 0.20-0.83, p = 0.014). To conclude, common infections were not associated with risk of death by suicide or with self-harm diagnoses at a 15-year follow-up in the general population sample. Our finding of an increased number of suicide attempts among persons seronegative for CMV calls for further research.

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The lack of association between herpes simplex virus 1 or Toxoplasma gondii infection and cognitive decline in the general population: An 11-year follow-up study

Cited by 31 publications

References 35 publications

Toxoplasma gondii seropositivity and serointensity and cognitive function in adults

Toxoplasma gondii seropositivity and serointensity and cognitive function in adults

Herpes Simplex Virus 1 and the Risk of Dementia: A Population-Based Study

Exposure to common infections and risk of suicide and self-harm: a longitudinal general population study

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