The labile respiratory activity of ribcage muscles of the rat during sleep.

Megirian, D.; Pollard, Marcus J.; Sherrey, J.H.

doi:10.1113/jphysiol.1987.sp016648

Cited by 25 publications

(16 citation statements)

References 19 publications

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“…For INT muscle activity there was no significant change across states, similar to our previous results in urethane anesthetized rats [14] and naturally sleeping rats [49,51], where both diaphragm and INT muscles do not show significant and consistent changes in EMG activity across states. However, reduced activity in external INT muscle is sometimes observed in humans during REM compared to SWS states [52].…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 89%

Spontaneous Sleep-Like Brain State Alternations and Breathing Characteristics in Urethane Anesthetized Mice

2013

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Brain state alternations resembling those of sleep spontaneously occur in rats under urethane anesthesia and they are closely linked with sleep-like respiratory changes. Although rats are a common model for both sleep and respiratory physiology, we sought to determine if similar brain state and respiratory changes occur in mice under urethane. We made local field potential recordings from the hippocampus and measured respiratory activity by means of EMG recordings in intercostal, genioglossus, and abdominal muscles. Similar to results in adult rats, urethane anesthetized mice displayed quasi-periodic spontaneous forebrain state alternations between deactivated patterns resembling slow wave sleep (SWS) and activated patterns resembling rapid eye movement (REM) sleep. These alternations were associated with an increase in breathing rate, respiratory variability, a depression of inspiratory related activity in genioglossus muscle and an increase in expiratory-related abdominal muscle activity when comparing deactivated (SWS-like) to activated (REM-like) states. These results demonstrate that urethane anesthesia consistently induces sleep-like brain state alternations and correlated changes in respiratory activity across different rodent species. They open up the powerful possibility of utilizing transgenic mouse technology for the advancement and translation of knowledge regarding sleep cycle alternations and their impact on respiration.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 89%

Spontaneous Sleep-Like Brain State Alternations and Breathing Characteristics in Urethane Anesthetized Mice

2013

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“…Respiratory frequency was also greater during sustained hypoxia vs. hypercapnia during all sleep states in this study (34). On the other hand, gas concentrations had minimal effect on external intercostal EMG activity in unanesthetized rats, with the exception of the 2nd and 5th external intercostal muscles, which exhibited robust increases in EMG activity when breathing 5% CO 2 (33). Important measurements that were not made in these pioneering studies of unanesthetized rats include: 1) simultaneous measurements of ventilation with diaphragm and intercostal EMG activity during sustained hypoxia vs. maximum chemoreceptor stimulation; and 2) responses to stimuli known to elicit respiratory plasticity, such as long-term facilitation (LTF) induced by acute intermittent hypoxia (AIH).…”

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confidence: 48%

“…In unanesthetized rats, cephalic rib cage muscles (scalenus medius, parasternal, and external and internal intercostal muscles) always exhibit inspiratory activity, regardless of the state of consciousness (33). On the other hand, muscles of the midthoracic region (less so, the caudal region) may be inspiratory or expiratory; and some areas of a single intercostal layer can even be activated during both inspiration and expiration (33) during quiet breathing.…”

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confidence: 99%

“…On the other hand, muscles of the midthoracic region (less so, the caudal region) may be inspiratory or expiratory; and some areas of a single intercostal layer can even be activated during both inspiration and expiration (33) during quiet breathing. Moreover, only two studies have investigated the effect of hypoxia and hypercapnia on diaphragm and external intercostal muscles in unanesthetized rats.…”

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confidence: 99%

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Recruitment and plasticity in diaphragm, intercostal, and abdominal muscles in unanesthetized rats

Navarrete‐Opazo

Mitchell

2014

Journal of Applied Physiology

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7% CO2, 10.5% O2) and sustained hypoxia (SH: 10.5% O2). In Nx, T2 EIC exhibits prominent inspiratory activity, whereas T4, T5, T6, and T7 EIC inspiratory activity decreases in a caudal direction. T8 and T9 EIC and abdominal muscles show only tonic or sporadic activity, without consistent respiratory activity. MCS increases diaphragm and T2 EIC EMG amplitude and tidal volume more than SH (0.94 ± 0.10 vs. 0.68 ± 0.05 ml/100 g; P < 0.001). Following AIH, T2 EIC EMG amplitude remained above baseline for more than 60 min post-AIH (i.e., EIC long-term facilitation, LTF), and was greater than diaphragm LTF (41.5 ± 1.3% vs. 19.1 ± 2.0% baseline; P < 0.001). We conclude that 1) diaphragm and rostral T2-T5 EIC muscles exhibit inspiratory activity during Nx; 2) MCS elicits greater ventilatory, diaphragm, and rostral T2-T5 EIC muscle activity vs. SH; and 3) AIH induces greater rostral EIC LTF than diaphragm LTF.

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“…Since scalenus medius and intercostal muscles of the cephalic spaces T1, T2 T3 are inspiratory in rats (Megirian et al, 1987), dAIH may increase their motor output (as in T2 EIC); alternately, dAIH may induce respiratory activity in intercostal muscles that are not normally active. The differential effects of KW6002 on tidal volume versus diaphragm function after dAIH strongly suggests that other inspiratory muscles make greater contributors to ventilatory capacity after dAIH and SCI.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Daily acute intermittent hypoxia elicits functional recovery of diaphragm and inspiratory intercostal muscle activity after acute cervical spinal injury

Navarrete‐Opazo

Vinit

Dougherty

et al. 2015

Experimental Neurology

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A major cause of mortality after spinal cord injury is respiratory failure. In normal rats, acute intermittent hypoxia (AIH) induces respiratory motor plasticity, expressed as diaphragm (Dia) and second external intercostal (T2 EIC) long-term facilitation (LTF). Dia (not T2 EIC) LTF is enhanced by systemic adenosine 2A (A2a) receptor inhibition in normal rats. We investigated the respective contributions of Dia and T2 EIC to daily AIH-induced functional recovery of breathing capacity with/without A2a receptor antagonist (KW6002, i.p.) following C2 hemisection (C2HS). Rats received daily AIH (dAIH: 10, 5-min episodes, 10.5% O2; 5-min normoxic intervals; 7 successive days beginning 7 days post-C2HS) or daily normoxia (dNx) with/without KW6002, followed by weekly (reminder) presentations for 8 weeks. Ventilation and EMGs from bilateral diaphragm and T2 EIC muscles were measured with room air breathing (21% O2) and maximum chemoreceptor stimulation (MCS: 7% CO2, 10.5% O2). dAIH increased tidal volume (Vt) in C2HS rats breathing room air (dAIH + vehicle: 0.47 ± 0.02, dNx + vehicle: 0.40 ± 0.01ml/100 g; p<0.05) and MCS (dAIH + vehicle: 0.83 ± 0.01, dNx + vehicle: 0.73 ± 0.01ml/100g; p<0.001); KW6002 had no significant effect. dAIH enhanced contralateral (uninjured) diaphragm EMG activity, an effect attenuated by KW6002, during room air breathing and MCS (p<0.05). Although dAIH enhanced contralateral T2 EIC EMG activity during room air breathing, KW6002 had no effect. dAIH had no statistically significant effects on diaphragm or T2 EIC EMG activity ipsilateral to injury. Thus, two weeks post-C2HS: 1) dAIH enhances breathing capacity by effects on contralateral diaphragm and T2 EIC activity; and 2) dAIH-induced recovery is A2a dependent in diaphragm, but not T2 EIC. Daily AIH may be a useful in promoting functional recovery of breathing capacity after cervical spinal injury, but A2a receptor antagonists (eg. caffeine) may undermine its effectiveness shortly after injury.

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The labile respiratory activity of ribcage muscles of the rat during sleep.

Cited by 25 publications

References 19 publications

Spontaneous Sleep-Like Brain State Alternations and Breathing Characteristics in Urethane Anesthetized Mice

Spontaneous Sleep-Like Brain State Alternations and Breathing Characteristics in Urethane Anesthetized Mice

Recruitment and plasticity in diaphragm, intercostal, and abdominal muscles in unanesthetized rats

Daily acute intermittent hypoxia elicits functional recovery of diaphragm and inspiratory intercostal muscle activity after acute cervical spinal injury

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