Editorial on the Research TopicNon-native species and biodiversity change in river ecosystems: a historical perspectiveThe global spread of non-native species is thought to be among the most severe pressures on biodiversity (e.g., Keller et al., 2011). Species introductions are increasing worldwide and have done so at an unprecedented rate in recent decades. There is no sign of saturation (Seebens et al., 2017). Future increases in trading and climate change can exacerbate non-native species introductions, not least because new trading routes, such as the Northern Sea Route, might reduce travel times and, therefore, the likelihood of survival for species "traveling" unintentionally on cargo ships (Hulme, 2021).However, the phenomenon is not new, as species transfer into new regions has a long history. Recent studies have proven that intercontinental trade has been a primary driver for centuries of species exchanges. For example, the intentional and unintentional dispersal of non-native plant species was substantially shaped by European colonial empires, particularly the Spanish, Portuguese, Dutch, and British. Regions that belonged to the same empire exhibit at present more similar species compositions, and the duration of colonial influence also played a role (Lenzner et al., 2022).Aquatic ecosystems are no exception. The presence of non-native species is considered to be a significant cause of biodiversity change there, next to land use change, eutrophication, hydrological and morphological alterations, climate change, overexploitation, and newly emerging threats such as microplastics or engineered nanomaterials (Petsch, 2016;Reid et al., 2019). Direct and indirect human interventions such as fishery, fish stocking, aquaculture, inland, and inter-sea shipping canals, or global tradeincluding transfers of ornamental and aquarium fishare significant drivers of the introduction, establishment, and dispersal of non-native species in freshwater systems (Tarkan et al., 2021). Richmond et al. name the fur trade as an economic driver for introducing the American beaver (Castor canadensis) into the Southern California/ Northern Baja California Coast Ecoregion in the 20 th century. Together with hydraulic Frontiers in Ecology and Evolution frontiersin.org 01