The Key Roles of ROS and RNS as a Signaling Molecule in Plant–Microbe Interactions

Abstract

Reactive oxygen species (ROS) and reactive nitrogen species (RNS) play a pivotal role in the dynamic cell signaling systems in plants, even under biotic and abiotic stress conditions. Over the past two decades, various studies have endorsed the notion that these molecules can act as intracellular and intercellular signaling molecules at a very low concentration to control plant growth and development, symbiotic association, and defense mechanisms in response to biotic and abiotic stress conditions. However, the upsurge of ROS and RNS under stressful conditions can lead to cell damage, retarded growth, and delayed development of plants. As signaling molecules, ROS and RNS have gained great attention from plant scientists and have been studied under different developmental stages of plants. However, the role of RNS and RNS signaling in plant–microbe interactions is still unknown. Different organelles of plant cells contain the enzymes necessary for the formation of ROS and RNS as well as their scavengers, and the spatial and temporal positions of these enzymes determine the signaling pathways. In the present review, we aimed to report the production of ROS and RNS, their role as signaling molecules during plant–microbe interactions, and the antioxidant system as a balancing system in the synthesis and elimination of these species.

Pre-treatment of melatonin enhances the seed germination responses and physiological mechanisms of soybean (Glycine max L.) under abiotic stresses

“…Thus, accumulation of proline via pre-treatment of melatonin could increase resistance against abiotic stresses. Furthermore, plants possess a complex defensive mechanism to inhibit the excessive production of ROS and reduce oxidative damage (Ahammed et al, 2020;Bai et al, 2020;Khan et al, 2023). This defensive system is composed of different antioxidant enzymes including SOD, CAT, POD, and APX that perform a variety of defensive functions (Khan et al, 2020).…”

Abiotic Stress in Crop Production

“…Stress signals are usually first recognized by the plasma membrane, where most receptor proteins are localized [ 215 ]. Mitochondria and chloroplasts are the primary sites for the production of ROS, and abiotic stress causes an imbalance between ROS and their scavengers, which negatively impacts the cell environment [ 216 ]. ROS also act as a signal that is transduced through cellular compartments and regulates gene and protein expression levels [ 217 ].…”

Oxylipins and Reactive Carbonyls as Regulators of the Plant Redox and Reactive Oxygen Species Network under Stress

“…The key components are ROS, in particular superoxide anions (O 2 •− ) and hydroxyl radicals ( • OH), which are free radicals containing an unpaired electron of varying reactivity, singlet oxygen ( 1 O 2 ), which is an excited non-radical derived from molecular oxygen by spin inversion, and hydrogen peroxide (H 2 O 2 ), originating from O 2 •− dismutation or directly from two electron transfer reactions. These components accumulate under suboptimal growth conditions [ 2 , 4 , 5 , 6 ]. Generation of ROS occurs in plastids, peroxisomes, endoplasmic reticulum (ER), mitochondria, apoplast, and cytosol [ 2 , 3 , 4 , 5 , 6 , 7 ].…”