The Ketogenic Diet Revisited: Beyond Ketones

Higher levels of Bifidobacteria and tumor necrosis factor in children with drug-resistant epilepsy are associated with anti-seizure response to the ketogenic diet

“…These include anti-inflammatory actions, epigenetic changes, and changes in the gut microbial composition. 9 …”

Ketogenic diets in healthy dogs induce gut and serum metabolome changes suggestive of anti‐tumourigenic effects: A model for human ketotherapy trials

“…Our first aim was to evaluate the fecal microbiome in dogs after KDs as microbiome changes are thought to be a major mechanism of action for the metabolic effects induced by KDs (full sequencing raw data available in Data S1). 4 Shallow shotgun sequencing of fecal samples showed distinct clustering and separation between BSLN diet and KD2 by principal coordinate analysis (Figure 1B). Specifically, the abundance of Lactobacillales and Erysipelotrichales decreased, whereas Fusobacteriales, Bifidobacteriales, Selenomonadales, Aeromonadales and Enterobacteriales increased with KD2 versus BSLN diet (p < .05) (Figure 1C), indicating diet-specific effects similar to those previously observed in humans on KD.…”

Ketone Bodies and SIRT1, Synergic Epigenetic Regulators for Metabolic Health: A Narrative Review

“…Finally, KBs also affect microRNAs (miRNAs). In volunteers treated with the KD, miRNAs directly targeted genes linked to nutrient metabolism, such as the mechanistic target of rapamycin (mTOR), peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors (PPARs), insulin, and cytokines, suggesting that the KD may modify miRNA expression, leading to the reduction in inflammatory interleukins such as IL-1β and IL-6, thus, mitigating neuroinflammation [ 3 ].…”

“…Ketogenesis occurs physiologically in the human liver throughout the day, producing KBs of up to 300 g per day. It is widely recognized that ketosis can generate neuroprotective [ 2 , 3 ] and beneficial metabolic effects [ 4 , 5 , 6 ]. The modifications evoked by ketosis, also obtained with exogenous ketogenic supplements [ 7 ], lead to an improved health status and delayed aging and related diseases through the epigenetic regulation of histones and RNA functions, and via the improvement of mitochondrial functions, antioxidant activities, and anti-inflammatory effects.…”