The Kallisti Limnes, carbon dioxide-accumulating subsea pools

Camilli, Richard; Nomikou, Paraskevi; Escartı́n, J.; Ridao, Pere; Mallios, Angelos; Kilias, Stephanos P.; Argyraki, Ariadne; Andréani, M.; Ballu, Valérie; Campos, Ricard; Deplus, Christine; Gabsi, T.; García, Rafael; Gracias, Nuno; Hurtós, Natàlia; Magí, Lluís; Mével, Catherine; Moreira, Manuel; Palomeras, Narcís; Pot, Olivier; Ribas, David; Ruzié, L.; Sakellariou, Dimitris

doi:10.1038/srep12152

Cited by 27 publications

(28 citation statements)

References 38 publications

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“…In the back arc basin of the Okinawa Trough a 'lake' of liquid CO 2 accumulates beneath a cap of CO 2 -hydrate (Inagaki et al 2006, Nealson 2006) and at shallower ocean depths pure CO 2 gas is observed to emanate directly from sediments that blanket the margins of hydrothermal vents (figure 1). Pools of liquid CO 2 have been discovered in the Aegean Sea (Camilli et al 2015). Geologic carbon reservoirs such as these are not explicitly included in current marine carbon budgets.…”

Section: Introduction-recent Discoveries and Motivation For This Studymentioning

confidence: 99%

Hydrothermal carbon release to the ocean and atmosphere from the eastern equatorial Pacific during the last glacial termination

Stott

Harazin

Krupinski

2019

Environ. Res. Lett.

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Arguably among the most globally impactful climate changes in Earth's past million years are the glacial terminations that punctuated the Pleistocene epoch. With the acquisition and analysis of marine and continental records, including ice cores, it is now clear that the Earth's climate was responding profoundly to changes in greenhouse gases that accompanied those glacial terminations. But the ultimate forcing responsible for the greenhouse gas variability remains elusive. The oceans must play a central role in any hypothesis that attempt to explain the systematic variations in pCO 2 because the Ocean is a giant carbon capacitor, regulating carbon entering and leaving the atmosphere. For a long time, geological processes that regulate fluxes of carbon to and from the oceans were thought to operate too slowly to account for any of the systematic variations in atmospheric pCO 2 that accompanied glacial cycles during the Pleistocene. Here we investigate the role that Earth's hydrothermal systems had in affecting the flux of carbon to the ocean and ultimately, the atmosphere during the last glacial termination. We document late glacial and deglacial intervals of anomalously old 14 C reservoir ages, large benthic-planktic foraminifera 14 C age differences, and increased deposition of hydrothermal metals in marine sediments from the eastern equatorial Pacific (EEP) that indicate a significant release of hydrothermal fluids entered the ocean at the last glacial termination. The large 14 C anomaly was accompanied by a ∼4-fold increase in Zn/Ca in both benthic and planktic foraminifera that reflects an increase in dissolved [Zn] throughout the water column. Foraminiferal B/Ca and Li/Ca results from these sites document deglacial declines in [ -CO 3 2 ] throughout the water column; these were accompanied by carbonate dissolution at water depths that today lie well above the calcite lysocline. Taken together, these results are strong evidence for an increased flux of hydrothermally-derived carbon through the EEP upwelling system at the last glacial termination that would have exchanged with the atmosphere and affected both Δ 14 C and pCO 2 . These data do not quantify the amount of carbon released to the atmosphere through the EEP upwelling system but indicate that geologic forcing must be incorporated into models that attempt to simulate the cyclic nature of glacial/interglacial climate variability. Importantly, these results underscore the need to put better constraints on the flux of carbon from geologic reservoirs that affect the global carbon budget.

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Section: Introduction-recent Discoveries and Motivation For This Studymentioning

confidence: 99%

Hydrothermal carbon release to the ocean and atmosphere from the eastern equatorial Pacific during the last glacial termination

Stott

Harazin

Krupinski

2019

Environ. Res. Lett.

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“…In the case of KeJ, the possibility that phase separation occurs relatively near the seafloor may facilitate the venting of these brines. Increases in fluid density may also be the result of high levels of dissolved CO 2 as proposed at some other shallow arc volcanoes [ Carey et al ., ; Camilli et al ., ].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Dissolution of CO 2 after venting has likely lead to decreases in crater water pH as observed at other shallow water volcanic centers with impacts on marine fauna [Hall-Spencer et al, 2008;Tunnicliffe et al, 2009;Carey et al, 2013;Camilli et al, 2015]. Several pH measurements were collected around the Champagne and Shrimp vents using a ROV-deployed pH meter.…”

Section: Gas Dischargementioning

confidence: 99%

Hydrothermal venting and mineralization in the crater of Kick'em Jenny submarine volcano, Grenada (Lesser Antilles)

Carey

Olsen

Bell

et al. 2016

Geochem Geophys Geosyst

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Kick'em Jenny is a frequently erupting, shallow submarine volcano located 7.5 km off the northern coast of Grenada in the Lesser Antilles subduction zone. Focused and diffuse hydrothermal venting is taking place mainly within a small (∼70 × 110 m) depression within the 300 m diameter crater of the volcano at depths of about 265 m. Much of the crater is blanketed with a layer of fine‐grained tephra that has undergone hydrothermal alteration. Clear fluids and gas are being discharged near the center of the depression from mound‐like vents at a maximum temperature of 180°C. The gas consists of 93–96% CO2 with trace amounts of methane and hydrogen. Gas flux measurements of individual bubble streams range from 10 to 100 kg of CO2 per day. Diffuse venting with temperatures 5–35°C above ambient occurs throughout the depression and over large areas of the main crater. These zones are colonized by reddish‐yellow bacteria with the production of Fe‐oxyhydroxides as surface coatings, fragile spires up to several meters in height, and elongated mounds up to tens of centimeters thick. A high‐resolution photomosaic of the inner crater depression shows fluid flow patterns descending the sides of the depression toward the crater floor. We suggest that the negatively buoyant fluid flow is the result of phase separation of hydrothermal fluids at Kick'em Jenny generating a dense saline component that does not rise despite its elevated temperature.

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“…The exact calibration procedure will vary depending on the system. Here, we present a generic protocol based on those described by various authors (Bell et al, 2007;Schlüter and Gentz, 2008;Wankel et al, 2011;Camilli et al, 2015).…”

Section: Ums System Calibrationmentioning

confidence: 99%

A Review of the Emerging Field of Underwater Mass Spectrometry

et al. 2016

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Mass spectrometers are versatile sensor systems, owing to their high sensitivity and ability to simultaneously measure multiple chemical species. Over the last two decades, traditional laboratory-based membrane inlet mass spectrometers have been adapted for underwater use. Underwater mass spectrometry (UMS) has drastically improved our capability to monitor a broad suite of gaseous compounds (e.g., dissolved atmospheric gases, light hydrocarbons, and volatile organic compounds) in the aquatic environment. Here we provide an overview of the progress made in the field of UMS since its inception in the 1990s to the present. In particular, we discuss the approaches undertaken by various research groups in developing in situ mass spectrometers. We also provide examples to illustrate how underwater mass spectrometers have been used in the field. Finally, we present future trends in the field of in situ mass spectrometry. Most of these efforts are aimed at improving the quality and spatial and temporal scales of chemical measurements in the ocean. By providing up-to-date information on UMS, this review offers guidance for researchers interested in adapting this technology as well as goals for future progress in the field.

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The Kallisti Limnes, carbon dioxide-accumulating subsea pools

Cited by 27 publications

References 38 publications

Hydrothermal carbon release to the ocean and atmosphere from the eastern equatorial Pacific during the last glacial termination

Hydrothermal carbon release to the ocean and atmosphere from the eastern equatorial Pacific during the last glacial termination

Hydrothermal venting and mineralization in the crater of Kick'em Jenny submarine volcano, Grenada (Lesser Antilles)

A Review of the Emerging Field of Underwater Mass Spectrometry

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