“…It can be generated under atmospheric conditions with electromagnetic sources and configurations such as pin‐to‐liquid discharge, glow discharge, dielectric barrier discharge (DBD), and plasma jet (Ghimire et al., 2021; Lu et al., 2017; Neretti et al., 2016; Yoon et al., 2018). Recently, NTP has gained interest for bacteria inactivation, fungal inactivation, food application, surface treatment, water treatment, agriculture, and biomedical purposes (Balan et al., 2018; Kaushik et al., 2018; Lin et al., 2023; Simoncicova et al., 2019). Depending on the application of NTP, its efficacy is affected by several parameters, such as input power, voltage, frequency, treatment time, and gas composition (Mir et al., 2020).…”