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Context Understanding the mechanisms underlying nicotine addiction in order to develop more effective treatment is a public health priority. Research consistently shows that nicotine transiently improves multiple cognitive functions. However, using nicotine replacement to treat nicotine addiction yields generally inconsistent results. While this dichotomy is well known, the reasons are unclear. Imaging studies showed that nicotine challenges almost always involve cingulate cortex, suggesting that this loci may be a key region associated with nicotine addiction and its treatment. Objective To identify cingulate functional circuits that are associated with the severity of nicotine addiction and to study how nicotine affects them. Design Using region-specific resting-state fMRI signals to extract resting-state cingulate functional connectivity, and to study how nicotine addiction and acute nicotine administration modulate these functional pathways, in a double-blind, placebo-controlled design. Setting Outpatient clinics. Participants Nineteen healthy smokers. Intervention(s) Single dose (21/35mg) nicotine patch. Main Outcome Measure(s) Correlation of nicotine addiction severity and cingulate resting state functional connectivity, and effects of acute nicotine on connectivity strength. Results Clearly separated pathways that correlated with nicotine addiction vs. nicotinic action were found. The severity of nicotine addiction was associated with the strength of dorsal anterior cingulate cortex (dACC)-striatal circuits, which were not modified by nicotine patch administration. In contrast, acute nicotine enhanced cingulate-neocortical functional connectivity patterns. Conclusions Nicotine addiction was strongly associated with functional circuits interconnecting dACC and the striatum. Acute nicotine administration had no significant effect on these circuits. Rather, nicotine enhanced several cingulate-neocortical functional connectivity circuits that were not associated with the severity of nicotine addiction, but may play a role in nicotine's cognitive enhancing properties. Resting state dACC-striatum functional connectivity may serve as a circuit-level biomarker for nicotine addiction, and the development of new therapeutics aiming to enhance the dACC-striatum functional pathways may be effective for nicotine addiction treatment.
Context Understanding the mechanisms underlying nicotine addiction in order to develop more effective treatment is a public health priority. Research consistently shows that nicotine transiently improves multiple cognitive functions. However, using nicotine replacement to treat nicotine addiction yields generally inconsistent results. While this dichotomy is well known, the reasons are unclear. Imaging studies showed that nicotine challenges almost always involve cingulate cortex, suggesting that this loci may be a key region associated with nicotine addiction and its treatment. Objective To identify cingulate functional circuits that are associated with the severity of nicotine addiction and to study how nicotine affects them. Design Using region-specific resting-state fMRI signals to extract resting-state cingulate functional connectivity, and to study how nicotine addiction and acute nicotine administration modulate these functional pathways, in a double-blind, placebo-controlled design. Setting Outpatient clinics. Participants Nineteen healthy smokers. Intervention(s) Single dose (21/35mg) nicotine patch. Main Outcome Measure(s) Correlation of nicotine addiction severity and cingulate resting state functional connectivity, and effects of acute nicotine on connectivity strength. Results Clearly separated pathways that correlated with nicotine addiction vs. nicotinic action were found. The severity of nicotine addiction was associated with the strength of dorsal anterior cingulate cortex (dACC)-striatal circuits, which were not modified by nicotine patch administration. In contrast, acute nicotine enhanced cingulate-neocortical functional connectivity patterns. Conclusions Nicotine addiction was strongly associated with functional circuits interconnecting dACC and the striatum. Acute nicotine administration had no significant effect on these circuits. Rather, nicotine enhanced several cingulate-neocortical functional connectivity circuits that were not associated with the severity of nicotine addiction, but may play a role in nicotine's cognitive enhancing properties. Resting state dACC-striatum functional connectivity may serve as a circuit-level biomarker for nicotine addiction, and the development of new therapeutics aiming to enhance the dACC-striatum functional pathways may be effective for nicotine addiction treatment.
In preterm infants, 2 distinct types of perinatal brain injury detectable with neonatal head ultrasound selectively increase risk in adolescence for psychiatric disorders in which dysfunction of subcortical-cortical circuits has been implicated.
The DLPFC region might play an important role in psychological recovery from a severely traumatic event in humans.
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