The Joints of Mammals Contrasted with those of Man

Abstract

Winternitz states that the patients perspire profusely while in th cabinets, and the rapidity with which the perspiration sets in is specially insisted on by him. He says that after five minutes' exposure to the electric lamps profuse perspiration begins although the temperature of the air in the cabinets is not more than 8IO P. KeUogg, of Battle Creek, U.S.A., made experiments with the same kind of apparatus in 1894, and arrived at the same results. He seems to have recognised that the effects noticed were mainly due to radiant heat, and compares the action of radiant heat from a source at a high temperature with that of the heat of lower grade which is employed in the hot room of a Turkish bath. Thus, he says the degreeof erspiration obtained with an air temperature of 850 F. in the electrc cabinet was equal to that produced in a rurkish bath at 0o60 F.

Anatomy of the Knee Joint of the Cat

“…In both species the horns of the menisci are fixed to the tibia, except for the posterior horn of the lateral meniscus which is attached to the tibia as well as to the femur. This is also found in other mammals [Parsons, 1900;Haines, 1942]. As regards the cruciate ligaments, there are no marked dif ferences between cat and man in the attachments, direc tions and fiber arrangements of these structures.…”

“…In addition the cav ity of the cat is continuous with the cavity of the proxi mal tibiofibular joint. Whilst this commonly occurs in nonhuman mammals it is an exception in man [Parsons, 1900]. The menisci of the cat have approximately the same shapes as those of man.…”

The Contrasting Morphology Found in the Wrist Joints of Semibrachiating Monkeys and Brachiating Apes

“…No meniscus was present in the ulnar part of the joint which consisted of an independent cavity completely separated by an anteroposterior synovial septum from a radial compartment, incorporating the articulation of the radius with lunate and scaphoid. Such partitioning of the wrist joint has been described in certain marsupials, carnivores and lemurs [Parsons, 1899;N ayak, 1933] and has been observed by the author in Lemur fulvus and Trichosurus vulpécula and in 1 specimen of Hylobates lar. It is presumably a primitive feature and apparently reflects the developmental process by which the joint cavity (or cavities) form; such a septum is even present during foetal life in man [Lew is, 1970].…”

“…The ulnar styloid process was cartilage covered at its distal extremity and on the surface facing the interior of the joint where it was received into a cup formed by both triquetral and pisi form. The reports by Parsons [1899] and Schw a r z [1938] that in Ateles the pisiform is distally located and does not participate in the wrist joint were thus not confirmed. The articulation here was similar to that of other Ceboidea (or Cercopithecoidea) and indeed merely represented a retention of the primitive mammalian arrangement.…”

Embryology of the Human Hip Joint

“…embryo, the depression proximal to the head of the femur in the innominate blastema is shallow and saucer-shaped, composing between 65 and 70 measured degrees of the arc of a circle drawn including it. This depression must be deepened and enclosed to form a full half circle of 18(1 degrees before the joint cavity opens. One of the factors involved in this process appears to be pressure from the head of the femur, as indicated by the fact that at 15 mm.…”