The isolation ofleptospiraserotypescopenhageniandballumfrom healthy calves

Ris, D.R.; Lake, D.E.; Holland, Juliette

doi:10.1080/00480169.1973.34111

Cited by 17 publications

(6 citation statements)

References 5 publications

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“…The first NZ isolation of Ballum was performed in 1967 from two sick dairy farmworkers (Till (1968) in Ref. [ 11 ]), and from the urine of healthy calves six years later [ 50 ]. In another study, Ballum was included in the MAT panel, and all 26 possum sera tested were negative for this serovar [ 51 ].…”

Section: First Descriptions Of Ballummentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Cattle appear to be a competent host of Ballum, and seem to be more exposed to Ballum in recent serosurveys compared to older ones. Ballum was first isolated in NZ from two healthy calves, during a study conducted on nine calf groups in the Hauraki Plains [ 50 ]. For the same study in asymptomatic calves, the 1972–1973 annual report of the Wallaceville Animal Research Centre mentioned the presence of anti-Ballum antibodies in 44% of them (18/25 and 4/25 in two of the nine groups) [ 137 ].…”

Section: Barriers For Ballum Spillovermentioning

confidence: 99%

See 1 more Smart Citation

Of Mice, Cattle, and Men: A Review of the Eco-Epidemiology of Leptospira borgpetersenii Serovar Ballum

et al. 2021

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In New Zealand (NZ), leptospirosis is a mostly occupational zoonosis, with >66% of the recently notified cases being farm or abattoir workers. Livestock species independently maintain Leptospira borgpetersenii serovar Hardjo and L. interrogans serovar Pomona, and both are included in livestock vaccines. The increasing importance in human cases of Ballum, a serovar associated with wildlife, suggests that wildlife may be an overlooked source of infection. Livestock could also act as bridge hosts for humans. Drawing from disease ecology frameworks, we chose five barriers to include in this review based on the hypothesis that cattle act as bridge hosts for Ballum. Using a narrative methodology, we collated published studies pertaining to (a) the distribution and abundance of potential wild maintenance hosts of Ballum, (b) the infection dynamics (prevalence and pathogenesis) in those same hosts, (c) Ballum shedding and survival in the environment, (d) the exposure and competency of cattle as a potential bridge host, and (e) exposure for humans as a target host of Ballum. Mice (Mus musculus), rats (Rattus rattus, R. norvegicus) and hedgehogs (Erinaceus europaeus) were suspected as maintenance hosts of Ballum in NZ in studies conducted in the 1970s–1980s. These introduced species are distributed throughout NZ, and are present on pastures. The role of other wildlife in Ballum (and more broadly Leptospira) transmission remains poorly defined, and has not been thoroughly investigated in NZ. The experimental and natural Ballum infection of cattle suggest a low pathogenicity and the possibility of shedding. The seroprevalence in cattle appears higher in recent serosurveys (3 to 14%) compared with studies from the 1970s (0 to 3%). This review identifies gaps in the knowledge of Ballum, and highlights cattle as a potential spillover host. Further studies are required to ascertain the role that wild and domestic species may play in the eco-epidemiology of Ballum in order to understand its survival in the environment, and to inform control strategies.

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Section: First Descriptions Of Ballummentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Barriers For Ballum Spillovermentioning

confidence: 99%

Of Mice, Cattle, and Men: A Review of the Eco-Epidemiology of Leptospira borgpetersenii Serovar Ballum

et al. 2021

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“…Some animals remain serologically negative until after abortion or calving( 11)( 12) (71). Aborting CF negative cows should therefore be retested 3-4 weeks after calving unless the diagnosis has been confirmed bacteriologically.…”

Section: Brucellosis In Cattle (Brucella Abortus)mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Pomona infections are widespread in pigs and occur more sporadically in caUle(8) (74). Copenhageni(l9) (71), ballum (71) and balcanica(4S) occur sporadically in cattle, Copenhageni is maintained in Norwegian rats (Rattus norvegicus)(lO) (25). Ballum is maintained in the house mouse (Mus musculas) , ship rat (Rattus rattus) and hedgehog (Erinaceus europaeus)(2S), and balcanica in the possum (Trichosurus vulpecula)(2S) (47).…”

Section: Leptospirosismentioning

confidence: 99%

Serology as an aid to diagnosis: uses and abuses

1982

New Zealand Veterinary Journal

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The importance of correct interpretation of serological test results, common sources of error and problems associated with tests are discussed. In bovine brucellosis, a disease which is ideally suited to serological diagnosis, foetal contact with infection may cause the calf to be a serologically negative carrier. The immune tolerant animal resulting from foetal contact with virus is a major problem in the serological detection of border disease. In Johnes' disease and to a lesser extent in Brucella ovis and leptospiral infections, problems associated with sensitivity and specificity of the tests are stressed. Serovar specificity, cumbersome test procedures and negative tests in the incubation period cause difficulty in the interpretation of serological test results for leptospirosis. The importance of clinical examination, herd histories and alternative diagnostic procedures is important in all diseases. Wherever possible, flocks or herds should be maintained in specific disease-free state. Selection of stock from accredited herds or flocks is the most certain method of buying non-infected animals.

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“…Serological surveys in dry stock showed that Leptospira seropositivity is common with estimates ranging from 44% to 50% for Hardjo-bovis and from 11% to 25% for Pomona in beef cattle, from 20% to 43% for Hardjo-bovis and from 3% to 14% for Pomona in sheep and from 25% to 26% for Hardjo-bovis and 8-11% for Pomona in deer (Ayanegui-Alcerreca et al, 2010;Dreyfus et al, 2011;Subharat et al, 2012). Incidental infections with Ballum and L. interrogans serovar Copenhageni (Copenhageni) have been observed in cattle (Ris et al, 1973), and serological evidence of Ballum, Copenhageni and L. borgpetersenii serovar Tarassovi (Tarassovi) has been reported in farmed deer (Flint et al, 1988;Wilson et al, 1998;Ayanegui-Alcerreca et al, 2010).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Seroprevalence and Risk Factors for Leptospira Seropositivity in Beef Cattle, Sheep and Deer Farmers in New Zealand

Sanhueza

Heuer

Wilson

et al. 2016

Zoonoses and Public Health

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Leptospirosis is a global zoonosis that in New Zealand affects primarily people occupationally exposed to livestock. The objective of this study was to estimate the seroprevalence of five Leptospira serovars in farmers working on cattle, sheep and deer farms that had the serological status of animals previously assessed and to identify risk factors for farmer seropositivity. A total of 178 farmers from 127 properties participated in the study. Blood samples were tested using the microscopic agglutination test (MAT) for the presence of antibodies to Leptospira. Samples with a MAT titre ≥48 were considered seropositive. Using Bayesian statistical analysis, the median seroprevalence of Leptospira, all serovars combined, was estimated to be 6.6% (95% probability interval (PI) 3.6-10.9%). Risk factors associated with seropositivity were assisting deer or cattle calving, farming deer, having ≥25% of flat terrain and high abundance of wild deer on farm, while high possum abundance on farm was negatively associated with seropositivity. No association was observed between farmer serostatus and previously recorded livestock serology. Leptospira seropositivity was associated with influenza-like illness of farmers (RR = 1.7; 95% PI 1.0-2.5). Assuming a causal relationship, this suggested an annual risk of 1.3% (95% PI 0.0-3.0%) of influenza-like illnesses due to Leptospira infection in the population of farmers. The association between seropositivity and disease can be used to estimate the public health burden of leptospirosis in New Zealand. Identifying and understanding risk factors for Leptospira seropositivity can inform preventive measures, hence contributing to the reduction of leptospirosis incidence in farmers.

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The isolation ofleptospiraserotypescopenhageniandballumfrom healthy calves

Cited by 17 publications

References 5 publications

Of Mice, Cattle, and Men: A Review of the Eco-Epidemiology of Leptospira borgpetersenii Serovar Ballum

Of Mice, Cattle, and Men: A Review of the Eco-Epidemiology of Leptospira borgpetersenii Serovar Ballum

Serology as an aid to diagnosis: uses and abuses

Seroprevalence and Risk Factors for Leptospira Seropositivity in Beef Cattle, Sheep and Deer Farmers in New Zealand

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