The Isolation of Ephemeral Fever Virus From Mosquitoes in Australia

Td, St George; Ha, Standfast; Al, Dyce

doi:10.1111/j.1751-0813.1976.tb00092.x

Cited by 29 publications

(8 citation statements)

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“…In Australia, there have been isolations from C. brevitarsis [ 57 ], Anopheles bancroftii mosquitoes and a mixed pool of mosquitoes that included Culex, Uranotaenia and Aedes spp. [ 58 , 59 ]. These isolations have been from insects that were not recently blood-engorged.…”

Section: Ecology Of Bef Infectionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Epidemiology and control of bovine ephemeral fever

Walker

Klement

2015

Vet Res

102

127

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Bovine ephemeral fever (or 3-day sickness) is an acute febrile illness of cattle and water buffaloes. Caused by an arthropod-borne rhabdovirus, bovine ephemeral fever virus (BEFV), the disease occurs seasonally over a vast expanse of the globe encompassing much of Africa, the Middle East, Asia and Australia. Although mortality rates are typically low, infection prevalence and morbidity rates during outbreaks are often very high, causing serious economic impacts through loss of milk production, poor cattle condition at sale and loss of traction power at harvest. There are also significant impacts on trade to regions in which the disease does not occur, including the Americas and most of Europe. In recent years, unusually severe outbreaks of bovine ephemeral fever have been reported from several regions in Asia and the Middle East, with mortality rates through disease or culling in excess of 10–20%. There are also concerns that, like other vector-borne diseases of livestock, the geographic distribution of bovine ephemeral fever could expand into regions that have historically been free of the disease. Here, we review current knowledge of the virus, including its molecular and antigenic structure, and the epidemiology of the disease across its entire geographic range. We also discuss the effectiveness of vaccination and other strategies to prevent or control infection.Electronic supplementary materialThe online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s13567-015-0262-4) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.

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Section: Ecology Of Bef Infectionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Epidemiology and control of bovine ephemeral fever

Walker

Klement

2015

Vet Res

102

127

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“…Since then experiments designed to investigate the role of the insect vectors and the biological transmission of the causative agent have been unsuccessful. However, there have recently been isolations of BEF virus from insects in Kenya (Davies & Walker, 1974) and in Australia (St George, Standfast & Dyce, 1976). …”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Isolation and cultivation of bovine ephemeral fever virus in chickens and chicken embryos

1978

J. Hyg.

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SUMMARYUnadapted bovine ephemeral fever (BEF) virus was isolated from cattle blood after intravenous inoculation into chicken embryos. Infected embryos died or hatched as abnormal chickens. The chick embryo was slightly less sensitive to unadapted BEF virus than were Vero cell cultures, but the use of embryos avoids the several blind passages that are required to isolate BEF virus in unweaned mice. Chick embryos were considerably less efficient than Vero cell culture or unweaned mice in detecting Vero cell-adapted and mouse-adapted BEF virus respectively.Viraemia was demonstrated in chicken embryos at 1-4 days and in one-day-old chickens at 1-3 days after intravenous inoculation of BEF virus. BEF virus was demonstrated by isolation and by immunofluoresence in heart, brain, lung and liver of chicken embryos at 1-5 days and in lung and liver of one-day-old chickens at 1-2 days, after intravenous inoculation. The isolated viruses were confirmed as BEF virus by neutralization with immune mouse ascitic fluid. BEF neutralizing antibodies were produced in 4-week-old and adult chickens after intravenous inoculation with BEF virus.

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“…four Uranotaenia nivipes Theobald 1905, one Uranotaenia albescens Taylor 1914 and one Verrallina carmenti (Edwards 1924)] collected near clinical cases of BEFV led to the isolation of virus on the fourth mouse-brain passage, confirmed by a complement fixation reaction [19]. BEFV has also been isolated from field-caught Anopheles bancroftii Giles 1902 on three separate occasions: (i) from a pool of 77 individuals and passaged in mice (intracerebral inoculation) [19]; (ii) from a pool of 50 individuals also following passage in mouse brains, although isolation of virus from the same sample in BHK21 cells was not achieved [20]; (iii) from four pooled An. bancroftii after intrathoracic inoculation and passage of the homogenate through live Aedes aegypti (Linnaeus 1762), followed by isolation in BHK21 cells [16].…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…bancroftii after intrathoracic inoculation and passage of the homogenate through live Aedes aegypti (Linnaeus 1762), followed by isolation in BHK21 cells [16]. These studies and the correlation of mosquito populations with the spatial and temporal distribution of BEFV led to a hypothesis that transmission was due to a mosquito vector in Australia [16,[19][20][21][22]. However, due to the small number of isolations from both Culicoides and mosquito species, a definitive identification of a BEFV vector group, or groups, is difficult to ascertain based on field collections of insects alone.…”

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confidence: 99%

Investigation of bovine ephemeral fever virus transmission by putative dipteran vectors under experimental conditions

et al. 2020

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Background Bovine ephemeral fever virus (Rhabdoviridae: Ephemerovirus) (BEFV) causes bovine ephemeral fever (BEF), an economically important disease of cattle and water buffalo. Outbreaks of BEF in Africa, Australia, Asia and the Middle East are characterized by high rates of morbidity and highly efficient transmission between cattle hosts. Despite this, the vectors of BEFV remain poorly defined. Methods Colony lines of biting midges (Culicoides sonorensis) and mosquitoes (Aedes aegypti, Culex pipiens and Culex quinquefasciatus) were infected with a strain of BEFV originating from Israel by feeding on blood–virus suspensions and by intrathoracic inoculation. In addition, in vivo transmission of BEFV was also assessed by allowing C. sonorensis inoculated by the intrathoracic route to feed on male 6 month-old Holstein-Friesian calves. Results There was no evidence of BEFV replication within mosquitoes fed on blood/virus suspensions for mosquitoes of any species tested for each of the three colony lines. In 170 C. sonorensis fed on the blood/virus suspension, BEFV RNA was detected in the bodies of 13 individuals and in the heads of two individuals, indicative of fully disseminated infections and an oral susceptibility rate of 1.2%. BEFV RNA replication was further demonstrated in all C. sonorensis that were inoculated by the intrathoracic route with virus after 5, 6 or 7 days post-infection. Despite this, transmission of BEFV could not be demonstrated when infected C. sonorensis were allowed to feed on calves. Conclusions No evidence for infection or dissemination of BEFV (bovine/Israel/2005-6) in mosquitoes of three different species was found. Evidence was found for infection of C. sonorensis by the oral route. However, attempts to transmit BEFV to calves from infected C. sonorensis failed. These results highlight the challenge of defining the natural vector of BEFV and of establishing an in vivo transmission model. The results are discussed with reference to the translation of laboratory-based studies to inference of vector competence in the field. Graphic abstract

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The Isolation of Ephemeral Fever Virus From Mosquitoes in Australia

Cited by 29 publications

References 2 publications

Epidemiology and control of bovine ephemeral fever

Epidemiology and control of bovine ephemeral fever

Isolation and cultivation of bovine ephemeral fever virus in chickens and chicken embryos

Investigation of bovine ephemeral fever virus transmission by putative dipteran vectors under experimental conditions

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