Sulfur-deficient tRNA, isolated after cysteine starvation of Escherichia coli HfrC, RCre', met-, cys-, A, was used as the substrate for the crude mixture of E. coli RNA sulfurtransferases. This tRNA accepted nearly four times more sulfur in vitro than normal tRNA. Sulfur incorporation was inversely proportional to the 4-thiouridine content. The optimal concentrations of all of the required cofactors and substrates, ATP, Mg2+, cysteine, and tRNA were determined. The apparent K , for cysteine was 2.6 X M and that for sulfur-deficient tRNA, 2.7 x M. Chromatography of