The Isokinetic Concept of Exercise

Hislop, Helen J.; Perrine, J. J.

doi:10.1093/ptj/47.2.114

Cited by 251 publications

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“…at the extremities of the range of motion). In contrast it has been found that during an isokinetic contraction the resistance offered to the muscle is maximal during the full range of motion and, consequently, it has been stated that muscle tension would be maximal during the full range of motion (Hislop and Perrine 1967). This difference might produce arterial pressure and heart rate responses differing in magnitude, an issue which has not been addressed to date for isokinetic and isotonic exercises involving muscle masses of the same size, exercising at the same level of intensity.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 97%

Effects of isokinetic, isotonic and isometric submaximal exercise on heart rate and blood pressure

Iellamo

Legramante

Raimondi

et al. 1997

European Journal of Applied Physiology

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The purpose of the present study was to compare arterial pressure (AP) and heart rate (HR) responses to submaximal isokinetic, isotonic and isometric exercises currently employed in physical rehabilitation therapy in terms of both magnitude and time-course. To this aim AP and HR were continuously and noninvasively measured in ten healthy subjects performing isokinetic, isotonic and isometric exercises at the same relative intensity. Isokinetic and isotonic exercises consisted of 30 knee extension/flexion repetitions at 40% of maximal effort. Isokinetic speed was set at 180 degrees s(-1). Isometric exercise consisted of a 60-s knee extension at 40% maximal voluntary contraction. The AP showed a rapid and marked increase from the onset of all types of exercise progressing throughout the exercises. Peak systolic (SAP) and diastolic (DAP) arterial pressure were 190.7 (SEM 8.9) and 121.6 (SEM 7.8) mmHg during isokinetic and 197.6 (SEM 11.2) and 128.3 (SEM 7.7) mmHg during isotonic exercise, respectively. During isometric exercise peak SAP and DAP were 168.1 (SEM 6.3) and 102.1 (SEM 3.7) mmHg, respectively [both lower compared to isokinetic and isotonic exercise (P < 0.05)]. The HR rose abruptly and after five isokinetic and isotonic repetitions it had already increased by about 30 beats min(-1), continuing to rise throughout the exercises. The HR response to isometric exercise was significantly less (P < 0.05) at all times. An immediate fall in AP, undershooting resting levels, was observed at the cessation of all types of exercise, being more marked after isokinetic and isotonic exercise. These results indicate that submaximal exercise of a dynamic type induces greater AP responses than intensity-matched isometric exercise and that even submaximal endurance-type rehabilitation exercise yields an elevated functional stress on the cardiovascular system which could precipitate hazardous events particularly in subjects with unrecognized cardiac diseases.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 97%

Effects of isokinetic, isotonic and isometric submaximal exercise on heart rate and blood pressure

Iellamo

Legramante

Raimondi

et al. 1997

European Journal of Applied Physiology

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“…A number of attempts have been made to overcome these inherent limitations of free weight resistance, via accommodating (Hislop and Perrine 1967;Holt and Pelham 1992;Hortobagyi et al 1989;Telle and Gorman 1985) and variable resistances (Harman 1983;Smith 1982), however, such approaches are not without their own problems speciWc to their mechanics. Accommodating resistances, such as hydraulics and isokinetics, allow for maximal eVorts to be produced throughout the concentric phase, however to achieve this, velocity is held constant and acceleration is zero.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…To improve upon the degree of sport speciWcity attained through free weight resistance training, velocity and acceleration proWles likely need to be similar to those produced during athletic movements. Therefore, strategies that minimize the acceleration or make attempts to control the movement velocity (Hislop and Perrine 1967) may not be conducive to improving athletic performance. Furthermore, limiting oneself to single joint, machine based eVorts, reduces the permissible movement directions from six in natural movements to just one, thereby reducing the synergistic and stabilizing requirements implicit in most human motion.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

A comparison of the kinematics, kinetics and muscle activity between pneumatic and free weight resistance

2008

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Pneumatic devices provide a resistance comprising minimal mass, possibly affording greater movement velocities, compared to free weight, while reducing the influence of momentum. Thirty men completed three testing sessions [free weight (FW), ballistic (BALL) and pneumatic (P)] each consisting of a one repetition maximum (1RM) and six sets (15, 30, 45, 60, 75 and 90% 1RM) of four explosive repetitions of a bench press. Dependent variables were expressed as mean and as a percentage of the concentric displacement. Significant differences (P < 0.05) were evaluated using two way repeated measures ANOVAs with Holm-Sidak post hoc comparisons. On average, the mean and peak P velocity were 36.5 and 28.3% higher than FW, and 22.9 and 19.1% higher than the BALL movements. The FW and BALL peak force were both significantly higher than the P (26.3 and 22.7% for FW and BALL, respectively). BALL mean power output was significantly higher than the FW and P at loads of 15 and 30% 1RM; however, between loads of 60-90% 1RM the highest mean power was produced with a P resistance. A 15% 1RM load maximized the peak power for each condition and no significant differences were found between the P and BALL. For loads of 45-90% 1RM the force, power and muscle activity were higher during the last 10-20% of the concentric displacement when subjects employed the P resistance. In summary, pneumatic resistance may offer specific advantages over loads comprising only mass (FW and BALL), although not without its own limitations.

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“…However, the introduction of the isokinetic dynamometer, more than 30 years ago (Hislop and Perrine 1967), which allowed in vivo muscle torque measurements at controlled movement velocities, initiated a series of studies on in vivo human muscle contraction. Specific interest was focused on the relationship between the torque produced at fast versus slow movement velocities and fiber type proportions in the contracting muscle, typically kneeextensor muscles (Clarkson et al 1982;Coyle et al 1979;Froese and Houston 1985;Ivy et al 1981;Larsson et al 1979;Ryushi and Fukunaga 1986;Suter et al 1993; Thorstensson et al 1976).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Relationship between in vivo muscle force at different speeds of isokinetic movements and myosin isoform expression in men and women

Gür

Gransberg

et al. 2003

Eur J Appl Physiol

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In an attempt to explore the relationship between force production during voluntary contractions at different speeds of isokinetic movement and the myofibrillar protein isoform expression in humans, an improved isokinetic dynamometer that corrects for gravitation, controls for acceleration and deceleration, and identifies a maximum voluntary activation was used. Muscle torque recordings were compared at the same muscle length (knee angle) and the torque was calculated as the average torque at each angle over a large knee angle range (75 degrees -25 degrees ) to reduce the influence of small torque oscillation on the calculated torque. Muscle torque at fast (240 degrees s(-1)) versus slow (30 degrees s(-1)) speeds of movement, torque normalized to muscle cross-sectional area (specific tension), and absolute torque at fast speeds of movement were measured in 34 young healthy male and female short-, middle-, and long-distance runners. The relationship between the different measures of muscle function and the expression of myosin heavy chain (MyHC) isoforms using enzyme-histochemical and electrophoretic protein separation techniques were investigated. A significant correlation between the 240 degrees s(-1) vs 30 degrees s(-1) torque ratio and the relative area of the type II fibers and type II MyHC isoforms were observed in both the men (r=0.74; P<0.001) and the women (r=0.81; P<0.05). Thus, the present results confirm a significant relationship between in vivo human muscle function and the MyHC isoform expression in the contracting muscle.

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The Isokinetic Concept of Exercise

Cited by 251 publications

References 0 publications

Effects of isokinetic, isotonic and isometric submaximal exercise on heart rate and blood pressure

Effects of isokinetic, isotonic and isometric submaximal exercise on heart rate and blood pressure

A comparison of the kinematics, kinetics and muscle activity between pneumatic and free weight resistance

Relationship between in vivo muscle force at different speeds of isokinetic movements and myosin isoform expression in men and women

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