The ISO Standard 14577 for Mechanics Violates the First Energy Law and Denies Physical Dimensions

Kaupp, Gerd

doi:10.4172/2169-0022.1000321

Cited by 6 publications

(8 citation statements)

References 16 publications

(68 reference statements)

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“…Unbelievably, authors, anonymous reviewers, editors, ISO-ASTM, and Certification Agencies did not even try to think about getting out of their mess with their unbelievable violation against the energy law. The present author was therefore forced to point it out in a more drastically way [11]. The exponent 2 was also defended by the prescription to start the analysis of loading curves only above a "minimal force value of 30 mN load for all solids" [12].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 98%

Physical Nanoindentation: From Penetration Resistance to Phase-Transition Energies

Kaupp¹

2019

AMPC

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The ISO standard 14577 is challenged for its violation of the energy law, its wrong relation of normal force F N with impression depth h, and for its iterative treatments. The solution of this dilemma is the use of sacrosanct simplest calculation rules for the loading parabola (now F N = kh 3/2) giving straight lines for cones, pyramids and wedges. They provide the physical penetration resistance hardness k with dimension [Nm −3/2 ] and allow for non-iterative calculations with closed formulas, using simple undeniable calculation rules. The physically correct F N versus h 3/2 plot is universally valid. It separates out the most common surface effects and reveals gradients. It provides unmatched precision, including reliability checks of experimental data. Regression analysis of F N versus h 3/2 plots reveals eventual unsteadiness kink phase-transition onset with the transition-energy. This is shown for all kinds of solid materials, including salts, silicon, organics, polymers, composites, and superalloys. Exothermic and endothermic single and consecutive multiple phase-transitions with their surface dependence are distinguished and the results compared in 5 Tables. The sharp phase-transition onsets and the transition energies provide unprecedented most important materials' characteristics that are indispensable for safety reasons. ISO ASTM is thus urged to thoroughly revise ISO 14577 and to work out new standards for the mechanically (also thermally) stressed materials. For example, the constancy of the first phase-transition parameters must be controlled, and materials must only be admitted for maximal forces well below the first phase-transition onset. Such onset loads can now be easily calculated. The nevertheless repeated oppositions against the physical analysis of indentations rest on incredibly poor knowledge of basic mathematics, errors that are uncovered. The safety aspects caused by the present unphysical materials' parameters are discussed.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 98%

Physical Nanoindentation: From Penetration Resistance to Phase-Transition Energies

Kaupp¹

2019

AMPC

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“…And the not iterated physical modulus is E rphys = S/2h max tanα as deduced in [9]. The intrinsic forms (for only volume formation) require the factor 0.8 on F Nmax [8] [26] for obeying with the energy law. Modern instrumentation provides enough data points for the initial linear slope that is stiffness S of the unloading curve.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 97%

“…The Oliver-Pharr technique and the still present ISO 14577 standard assume the physically disproved exponent 2 on h for the loading curves instead of undeniably physically deduced h 3/2 [3], and they violate the energy law [6] [8]. Therefore the authors of [1] cited H and E r values that are entirely unphysical parameters.…”

Section: The Physical Errors Of the H/e Ratio Claims With Their Usesmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…It is empirically known since 2004 [4] and 2013 with extensive table for all types of materials [5] and undoubtedly physically deduced one year before 2016 [3] and also in 2020 [6] that pyramidal and conical indentations follow the exponent 3/2 on the depth h (but not 2) in the force (F N ) vs depth curves, the slope of which is the penetration resistance, that is the physical hardness when calibrated with the indenter cone or effective cone. It was deduced in 2013 [7] and in 2017 [8] that the Oliver-Pharr iterations that are still ISO 14577 standard violate the energy law for hardness H [7] and in 2017 [8] also for E r since 2017 [9] (ISO denotes International Standardization Organization). Furthermore, elastic moduli from indentations are not "Young's moduli", as used in [1] and [2].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Undue Hardness/Modulus Ratio Claims instead of Physical Penetration Resistance and Applications with Mollusk Shells

Kaupp¹

2021

AMPC

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The Nanoindentation is a precise technique for the elucidation of mechanical properties. But such elucidation requires physically based interpretation of the loading curves that is widely still not practiced. The use of indentation hardness H and indentation modulus E r is unphysical and cannot detect the most important phase-transitions under load that very often occur. The claim that H versus E plots relate linearly for all different materials is neither empirically found nor correctly deduced. It is most dangerous by producing incorrect materials properties and misleading. The use of H/E (that is also called "elasticity index") in complicated formulas for brittle parameter, yield strength, toughness, and so-called "true hardness" is also in error. The use of H/E cannot reveal the true qualities of materials without considering phase-transitions under load that require the correct exponent 3/2 on h for the loading curves (instead of disproved 2). This is exemplified with the physical data of different mollusk shells that experience phase-transitions, a new bionics model, and different contributions for their strengthening. The data are compared to the ones of aragonite and calcite and vaterite.

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“…Furthermore, the applied work (W applied ) is the area under such secant of the parabola (down to the zero line). Furthermore, the indentation work (W indent ) covers the area below the parabola, and it can also be described by the area of the 0 -h max -0.8 F N triangle [9]. It follows the 5/4 ratio of W applied /W indent that was already mathematically deduced by integration of (1) in [10].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 96%

Phase-Transition Energies, New Characterization of Solid Materials and Anisotropy

Kaupp¹

2019

AMPC

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Non-iterative analysis of indentation results allows for the detection of phase transitions under load and their transition energy. The closed algebraic equations have been deduced on the basis of the physically founded normal force ∝ depth 3/2 relation. The precise transition onset position is obtained by linear regression of the F N = kh 3/2 plot, where k is the penetration resistance, which also provides the axis cuts of both polymorphs of first order phase transitions. The phase changes can be endothermic or exothermic. They are normalized per µN or mN normal load. The analyses of indentation loading curves with self-similar diamond indenters are used as validity check of the loading curves, also from calibration standards that exhibit previously undetected phase-transitions and are thus incorrect. The phase-transition energies for fused quartz are determined from the loading curves from instrument provider handbooks. The anisotropic behavior of phase transition energies is studied for the first time. Quartz is a useful test object. The reasons for the packing-dependent differences are discussed on the basis of the local crystal structure under and around the inserting tip.

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The ISO Standard 14577 for Mechanics Violates the First Energy Law and Denies Physical Dimensions

Cited by 6 publications

References 16 publications

Physical Nanoindentation: From Penetration Resistance to Phase-Transition Energies

Physical Nanoindentation: From Penetration Resistance to Phase-Transition Energies

Undue Hardness/Modulus Ratio Claims instead of Physical Penetration Resistance and Applications with Mollusk Shells

Phase-Transition Energies, New Characterization of Solid Materials and Anisotropy

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