The irrelevant speech effect: a PET study

Gisselgård, Jens; Petersson, Karl Magnus; Baddeley, Alan; Ingvar, Martin

doi:10.1016/s0028-3932(03)00122-2

Cited by 38 publications

(49 citation statements)

References 83 publications

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“…The elderly probably had difficulty suppressing task irrelevant input (such as scanner noise) (see also Amenedo andDiaz 1998, Meulenbroek et al, 2004). This idea is in line with studies investigating effects of attention on visual processing (Gisselgard et al, 2003, Petersson et al, 1999a,b, Rouleau and Belleville 1995, which showed that task-irrelevant processing can be suppressed by, for instance, deactivation of the auditory cortex. Hence, one might speculate that elderly participants have more difficulty focusing their attention on task-relevant visual input.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 80%

Age-effects on associative object–location memory

Meulenbroek¹,

Kessels²,

Rover³

et al. 2010

Brain Research

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Aging is accompanied by an impairment of associative memory. The medial temporal lobe and fronto-striatal network, both involved in associative memory, are known to decline functionally and structurally with age, leading to the so-called associative binding deficit and the resource deficit. Because the MTL and fronto-striatal network interact, they might also be able to support each other. We therefore employed an episodic memory task probing memory for sequences of object-location associations, where the demand on self-initiated processing was manipulated during encoding: either all the objects were visible simultaneously (rich environmental support) or every object became visible transiently (poor environmental support). Following the concept of resource deficit, we hypothesised that the elderly probably have difficulty using their declarative memory system when demands on self-initiated processing are high (poor environmental support). Our behavioural study showed that only the young use the rich environmental support in a systematic way, by placing the objects next to each other. With the task adapted for fMRI, we found that elderly showed stronger activity than young subjects during retrieval of environmentally richly encoded information in the basal ganglia, thalamus, left middle temporal/fusiform gyrus and right medial temporal lobe (MTL). These results indicate that rich environmental support leads to recruitment of the declarative memory system in addition to the fronto-striatal network in elderly, while the young use more posterior brain regions likely related to imagery. We propose that elderly try to solve the task by additional recruitment of stimulus-response associations, which might partly compensate their limited attentional resources.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 80%

Age-effects on associative object–location memory

Meulenbroek¹,

Kessels²,

Rover³

et al. 2010

Brain Research

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“…To address this question, positron emission tomography was used to identify brain regions activated by irrelevant speech at a relatively high working memory load. In the previous study (Gisselgård et al, 2003), the main finding was a bilateral relative deactivation in the superior temporal cortex corresponding to ISE. In this study, we wanted to investigate if this was present also at a higher load.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 80%

“…The functional anatomical correlate of this effect, based on the Baddeley -Hitch working memory model (Baddeley, 1992(Baddeley, , 2003, is thought to be localized to the verbal component of working memory (Baddeley, 2000;Larsen and Baddeley, 2003) associated with inferior frontal Burton, 2001;Jonides, 1997, 1999), superior temporal (Paulesu et al, 1993;Petersson et al, 2000;Price et al, 1999), and posterior parietal (Awh et al, 1995;Jonides et al, 1998a,b;Paulesu et al, 1993) areas of the brain. In a previous functional imaging study of ISE (Gisselgård et al, 2003), using a relatively low working memory load, the results indicated that the interference from irrelevant speech during immediate serial recall was associated with decreased regional blood flow in the mentioned cortical regions, in particular the superior temporal cortex. These findings were interpreted in terms of a suppression of phonological processing (Ghatan et al, 1998).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 83%

The irrelevant speech effect and working memory load

2004

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Irrelevant speech impairs the immediate serial recall of visually presented material. Previously, we have shown that the irrelevant speech effect (ISE) was associated with a relative decrease of regional blood flow in cortical regions subserving the verbal working memory, in particular the superior temporal cortex. In this extension of the previous study, the working memory load was increased and an increased activity as a response to irrelevant speech was noted in the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex. We suggest that the two studies together provide some basic insights as to the nature of the irrelevant speech effect. Firstly, no area in the brain can be ascribed as the single locus of the irrelevant speech effect. Instead, the functional neuroanatomical substrate to the effect can be characterized in terms of changes in networks of functionally interrelated areas. Secondly, the areas that are sensitive to the irrelevant speech effect are also generically activated by the verbal working memory task itself. Finally, the impact of irrelevant speech and related brain activity depends on working memory load as indicated by the differences between the present and the previous study. From a brain perspective, the irrelevant speech effect may represent a complex phenomenon that is a composite of several underlying mechanisms, which depending on the working memory load, include top-down inhibition as well as recruitment of compensatory support and control processes. We suggest that, in the low-load condition, a selection process by an inhibitory top-down modulation is sufficient, whereas in the high-load condition, at or above working memory span, auxiliary adaptive cognitive resources are recruited as compensation. D

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“…This effect might be related to a deficit in suppressing irrelevant input like scanner noise in old age. Several studies investigating the neural correlates of attentional modulation of visual processing tasks found that task-irrelevant processing needs to be suppressed by deactivation of, for instance, the auditory cortex (Ghatan et al, 1998;Gisselgård et al, 2003;Petersson et al, 1999b;Shulman et al, 1997). Also, the relatively stronger activation of the anterior cingulate cortex in old subjects as compared to young (Figs.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 96%

Age differences in neural correlates of route encoding and route recognition

et al. 2004

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Spatial memory deficits are core features of aging-related changes in cognitive abilities. The neural correlates of these deficits are largely unknown. In the present study, we investigated the neural underpinnings of age-related differences in spatial memory by functional MRI using a navigational memory task with route encoding and route recognition conditions. We investigated 20 healthy young (18 -29 years old) and 20 healthy old adults (53 -78 years old) in a random effects analysis. Old subjects showed slightly poorer performance than young subjects. Compared to the control condition, route encoding and route recognition showed activation of the dorsal and ventral visual processing streams and the frontal eye fields in both groups of subjects. Compared to old adults, young subjects showed during route encoding stronger activations in the dorsal and the ventral visual processing stream (supramarginal gyrus and posterior fusiform/parahippocampal areas). In addition, young subjects showed weaker anterior parahippocampal activity during route recognition compared to the old group. In contrast, old compared to young subjects showed less suppressed activity in the left perisylvian region and the anterior cingulate cortex during route encoding. Our findings suggest that agerelated navigational memory deficits might be caused by less effective route encoding based on reduced posterior fusiform/parahippocampal and parietal functionality combined with diminished inhibition of perisylvian and anterior cingulate cortices correlated with less effective suppression of task-irrelevant information. In contrast, age differences in neural correlates of route recognition seem to be rather subtle. Old subjects might show a diminished familiarity signal during route recognition in the anterior parahippocampal region. D

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The irrelevant speech effect: a PET study

Cited by 38 publications

References 83 publications

Age-effects on associative object–location memory

Age-effects on associative object–location memory

The irrelevant speech effect and working memory load

Age differences in neural correlates of route encoding and route recognition

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