The Iron Age

Connected by More Than Exceptional Imports: Performance and Identity in Hallstatt C/D Elite Burials of the Low Countries

“…Such burials are primarily found in the Central European Hallstatt culture. Interments with the same grave goods also occur in surrounding areas, like the Low Countries considered in this article, and it has long been recognized that they reflect long-distance interaction ( Figure 2) (Holwerda, 1934;Kossack, 1974;Pare, 1992;Krauße, 2006;Wells, 2011;Milcent, 2012).…”

“…The Early Iron Age (800-500 BC) was a time of rapid development and change characterized by long-distance interaction. It saw the first indisputable rise of elites north of the Alps who interacted across the breadth of Europe (Collis, 1984;Kristiansen, 1998;Wells, 2011;Huth, 2012). These elites are mainly known from their exceptional burials containing weaponry, bronze vessels, and horsedrawn ceremonial wagons (e.g.…”

The Late Iron Age in Switzerland: a review of anthropological, funerary, and isotopic studies

“…Normally defined as the time between the eighth century BCE and the territorial spread of the Roman Empire (Table 1 ), the Iron Age in Continental Europe featured important biocultural changes (Champion et al 2016 ; Kruta 2009 ; Müller et al 1999 ; Vitali 2004 , 2011 ; Wells 2011 ).…”

“…The establishment and development of networks between different regions and cultures led to a substantial flow of ideas and people, a pattern that anticipates the Roman Empire biocultural mosaic. Although featuring important cultural similarities across regions, the Iron Age was also characterized by marked socioeconomic and biocultural heterogeneity with effects on human lifestyle and biology (Kruta 2009 ; Laffranchi et al 2019 ; Laffranchi et al 2016 ; Moghaddam et al 2016 ; Moghaddam et al 2018 ; Scheeres et al 2014 ; Wells 2011 ). We need a contextualized overview of these processes when we try to evaluate the biocultural relevance of the Iron Age and its relationships with preceding and subsequent periods, namely the Bronze Age and Roman Times.…”

The late Quaternary sedimentological-geochemical-based enviromental history of a peat sequence of Kerek-tó from Transylvania

“…........................ 17 and Round Lake at Homoródszentpál (Sânpaul, Romania). AMS = AMS radiocarbon measuring point, A = archaeological and historical horizons, B = Blytt -Sernander systeme, C = archaeological and historical cultural horizons (based on Dumitrescu 1982;Härke 1982;Collis 1984;Hertelendi et al 1995;Mantu 1996Mantu , 1998Dumitroaia 2000;Bolohan 2010;Lazarovici 2010;Boghian and Enea 2013;Harper 2013;Boghian et al 2014;Wells 2010), D = paleoclimatological data, D1 = humidity of NW Transylvania (Feurdean et al 2015;Diaconu et al 2017;Longman et al 2017), D2 = temperature changes in the second part of Holocene in the NW Transylvania (Feurdean et al 2015;Diaconu et al 2017), D3 = Mid-European high lake levels after Magny (2004), E = core sequence within Troels-Smith symbols (Troels-Smith 1955) in Round Lake at Homoródszentpál (Sânpaul, Romania), F = AP, NAP and AQUA pollen summary from the core sequence in Round Lake at Homoródszentpál (Sânpaul, Romania), G = result of the principal component analyses of the pollen and sedimentological, geochemical data from the core sequence in Round Lake at Homoródszentpál (Sânpaul, Romania) PCA1Sediment geochemistry: indicates shifts in erosion rates, PCA1Pollen: indicate degree of arboreal vegetation cover (rest of the PCs were not considered), H = local sedimentologicalgeochemical zones in the core sequence in Round Lake at Homoródszentpál (Sânpaul, Romania) II.3 Main prehistorical and historical periods as identified by archaeological remains in the Homoród Hills (based on Dumitrescu et al 1982;Härke 1982;Collis 1984;Mantu 1996;Mantu 1998;Dumitroaia 2000;…”