The Irish question and the question of drunkenness: Catholic loyalty in nineteenth-century Liverpool

Drinking difference: Race, consumption, and alcohol prohibition in Mexico and the United States

“…Notions of racial superiority and inferiority were adopted by, and codified through, state-supported discourses regarding civility and how much alcohol Africans should be able to consume. Beckingham's (2009) work on the politics of perceived Irish drunkenness in Liverpool, England provides vital insight into the intersections of temperance and ideas about respectability. The late 19th-century Irish migrant population was consistently scrutinized for disregarding reformers' calls for abstinence and 'spreading physical and moral contamination' (2009: 132).…”