The Involvement of Macrophages and Lymphocytes in the Apoptosis of Enterocytes.

Iwanaga, Toshihiko

doi:10.1679/aohc.58.151

Cited by 40 publications

(29 citation statements)

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“…These might suggest that TCR2+ IELs attribute to the apoptosis of epithelial cells in the chicken cecum. Recently, it has been suggested that the induction of apoptosis may be mediated by perforin [9,10] or Fas-Fas ligands [7,19] in the epithelial cells of mammalian intestines. We are now conducting further studies to elucidate how the apoptosis of epithelial cells is induced in chicken intestines.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Animalsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In rat and mouse small intestines, most of the villous epithelial cells are induced into apoptosis and exfoliate from villous tips into the lumen. In the guinea pig and the monkey, only the apical pieces of the cytoplasm are shed into the intestinal lumen and the majority of the epithelial cytoplasm is phagocytosed by macrophages in the villous tips [9].The intestinal epithelium contains numerous intraepithelial lymphocytes (IELs). IELs are classified into αβ and γδ T lymphocytes according to the type of T cell receptor (TCR) and γδ T lymphocytes are preferentially located in the epithelium of the chicken and mammals [6,15].…”

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confidence: 99%

“…Moreover, the majority of IELs express CD8 + , the surface T cell marker of killer/suppressor T lymphocytes, and express the morphology of the large granular lymphocytes (LGLs) [15]. Recently, it was proposed that γδ T lymphocytes may attribute to apoptosis of the intestinal epithelial cells and regulate the proliferation of epithelial cells in mammals [9,16].In the adult chicken, the proliferation sites and the kinetics of intestinal epithelial cells have been clarified only in the cecum [23], whereas the process of the disappearance of epithelial cells and the role of IELs in this process are still unknown in all intestines. In this study, apoptotic epithelial cells were light-microscopically investigated in the chicken cecum to detect the sites of the disappearance of the villous epithelial cells and M cells.…”

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Apoptosis of Villous Epithelial Cells and Follicle-Associated Epithelial Cells in Chicken Cecum.

Takeuchi

Kitagawa

Imagawa

et al. 1999

The Journal of Veterinary Medical Science

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ABSTRACT. The process of the disappearance of epithelial cells was examined in chicken cecal villi and follicle-associated epithelium (FAE). The apoptotic epithelial cells with intense DNA-fragmentation and their exfoliation were found in the villous tips. The epithelial cells with weak DNA-fragmentation were seen in the upper portion of the villi and their sparse exfoliations were also found there. Numerous epithelial cells in the intestinal lumen expressed the apoptotic features. A row of apoptotic epithelial cells with DNAfragmentation was also found in the apical FAE, whereas no M cells exhibited any apoptotic signs. In all cecal regions, CD3 + , CD8 + , and TCR2 + lymphocytes were predominant in the epithelium at the upper portion of the villi and the FAE. CD4 + lymphocytes were mainly seen in the lamina propria. TCR1 + lymphocytes were not abundant in comparison with TCR2 + lymphocytes in the epithelium. TCR3 + T lymphocytes were rarely detected. These results suggest that the chicken cecal epithelial cells exfoliated into the lumen after the induction of the apoptosis, and that the induction may be involved with CD3 + , CD8 + , and TCR2 + lymphocytes. No death in M cells suggests that M cells may transform into microvillous epithelial cells.-KEY WORDS: apoptosis, chicken, intestine, M cell, T lymphocyte.J. Vet. Med. Sci. 61(2): 149-154, 1999 and the IELs. MATERIALS AND METHODS Animals:Ten White Leghorn chickens (more than 5 months old) were obtained from our laboratory. They were permitted free access to food and water. Artificial light was utilized between 5:00. a.m. and 9:00 p.m. The chickens were reared with an animal protein-free formula feed to avoid binding between the antibodies used in this study and the immunoglobulins against dietary-animal proteins.General histology: Five chickens were sacrificed by cervical exsanguination under anesthesia with an intravenous (i.v.) injection of pentobarbital sodium around noon. Tissues obtained from the base including the cecal tonsil, the body, and the apex of the cecum were fixed in Bouin's solution for 24 hr at room temperature (RT). Thereafter, paraffin sections in 4 µm thickness were stained by hematoxylin and eosin (H.E.).Detection of DNA fragmentation: To detect the apoptotic epithelial cells, BrdUTP (bromodeoxyuridine-conjugated dUTP) was applied as a marker according to a modified method described by Li and Darzynkiewicz [18]. Briefly, the tissues obtained from each cecal region of 5 chickens were fixed in PLP (periodate-lysine-paraformaldehyde) for 24 hr at 4°C, and frozen in liquid nitrogen. Serial sections of 3 µm in thickness were prepared according to the method described by Barthel and Raymond [4]. The sections were cut with a coldtome CM-501 (Sakura, Japan) and were placed on slide glasses precoated with 0.2% 3-aminopropyltriethoxysilane (Shinetsu, Japan). Four sections were prepared per chicken (sections 1, 2, 3 and 4). Sections 1 and 2 were used as positive controls for sections 3. Section 4 was used as a negative control. The sections * C...

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Animalsmentioning

confidence: 99%

mentioning

confidence: 99%

mentioning

confidence: 99%

mentioning

confidence: 99%

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Apoptosis of Villous Epithelial Cells and Follicle-Associated Epithelial Cells in Chicken Cecum.

Takeuchi

Kitagawa

Imagawa

et al. 1999

The Journal of Veterinary Medical Science

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Death of germinal center B cells without DNA fragmentation

et al. 1996

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During the selection of B cells within germinal centers (GC) on the basis of their affinity for T-dependent antigen, B cells not positively selected are eliminated within GC. This process of B cell death has been considered to be apoptosis. In a recent study, we have reported that, although a substantial number of thymocytes were considered to be dead because of their extremely small cell size and heavy chromatin condensation even though they were not yet phagocytosed (pyknosis), they were devoid of DNA fragmentation, the most characteristic feature for apoptosis. In this study, we examined in vivo the mechanism of B cell death within GC by using the terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase (TdT)-mediated dUTP-biotin nick end-labeling (TUNEL) method to detect DNA double-strand breaks. TUNEL+ B cells were scattered throughout the upper dark and the light zones of GC. Double staining of the sections by the TUNEL method and acid phosphatase (AcP) activities showed that all the TUNEL+ B cells were phagocytosed by macrophages. Light microscopic and ultrastructural studies revealed the presence of small unphagocytosed B cells within the light zone. These cells are undoubtedly dead because they were much smaller than surrounding lymphoid cells and have a heavy chromatin condensation. Furthermore, ultrastructural detection of DNA fragmentation confirmed that these small unphagocytosed B cells were TUNEL-, implying that DNA fragmentation is not primarily involved in the cell death process of these small dead B cells. These results indicate that most B cells, not positively selected and thus destined to be eliminated, die within GC without DNA fragmentation, and are subsequently phagocytosed by macrophages and become TUNEL+. Typical apoptosis, characterized by DNA fragmentation in situ, is not the predominant type of cell death that occurs during the selection of B cells in GC.

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Apoptosis: Implications for inflammatory bowel disease

Levine

2007

Inflamm Bowel Dis

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The Involvement of Macrophages and Lymphocytes in the Apoptosis of Enterocytes.

Cited by 40 publications

References 37 publications

Apoptosis of Villous Epithelial Cells and Follicle-Associated Epithelial Cells in Chicken Cecum.

Apoptosis of Villous Epithelial Cells and Follicle-Associated Epithelial Cells in Chicken Cecum.

Death of germinal center B cells without DNA fragmentation

Apoptosis: Implications for inflammatory bowel disease

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