The involvement of extracellular ATP in regulating the stunted growth of Arabidopsis plants by repeated wounding

Abstract

Background Extracellular ATP (exATP) has been shown to act as a signal molecule for regulating growth, development, and responses of plants to the external environment. Results In this study, we investigated the possible involvement of exATP in regulating the stunted growth caused by repeated wounding. The present work showed that the repeated wounding caused the decreases in leaf area, fresh weight, dry weight, and root length of Arabidopsis seedlings, while the exATP level was enhanced by the repeated wounding. Repeated application of exogenous ATP had similar effects on the plant growth, as the repeated wounding. Through the comparison of p2k1-3 mutant (in which T-DNA disrupted the gene coding P2K1, as exATP receptor) and wide type (WT) plants, it was found that the mutation in P2K1 decreased the sensitivity of plant growth to the repeated wounding and exogenous ATP application. Further works showed that the ibuprofen (IBU, an inhibitor of jasmonate biosynthesis) partially rescued the wound-induced growth degradation. In comparison, the P2K1 mutation partly rescued the wound-induced growth degradation, whereas this mutation failed to do so in the wounded seedlings treated with IBU, indicating that the role of exATP in regulating the growth degradation by repeated wounding could be linked to the JA signaling pathway. Conclusions In conclusion, these results indicate that exATP could be a regulator for the stunted growth of plants by repeated wounding.

The intrinsically disordered C‐terminus of purinoceptor P2K1 fine‐tunes plant responses to extracellular ATP

“…To evaluate the impact of the truncated P2K1 on morphometric phenotypes in response to ATP treatment, we transferred 5 days seedlings to media supplemented with 500 μ m ATP. Consistent with prior reports [36], growth on 500 μ m ATP for 24 h resulted in a modest but statistically significant reduction in root growth in the wild‐type (Fig. 3A,B).…”

Mechanical wounding impacts the growth versus defence balance in tomato (Solanum lycopersicum)

“…Indeed, it has been long demonstrated that an increasing number of wounds trigger a more robust defence response in tomato plants (Green and Ryan, 1972), which may, in turn, generate a more impactful and easily detectable trade-off to development. This hypothesis may also be expanded to other plant species, as the frequently documented wound-induced growth repression in A. thaliana is observed under protocols that cause substantial damage to the leaves, in a similar manner to those applied in our experiment (Yan et al, 2007;Zhang and Turner, 2008;Fiorucci et al, 2022;Shi et al, 2022). Interestingly, the observation that gentle types of environmental inputs such as rain, wind, touch, and even sound waves can arrest plant development (Braam and Davies, 1990;Waterman et al, 2019;Matsumara et al, 2022) may indicate that plants utilize different signalling cascades to perceive and differentially respond to specific types of mechanical stimuli.…”

“…At this age, MT plants usually have two to four true leaves, all of which were wounded in a consecutive manner (see methods) for a total of ten wounds per plant. Measurements of shoot growth rate indicate that, as observed for A. thaliana (Yan et al, 2007;Zhang and Turner, 2008;Fiorucci et al, 2022;Shi et al, 2022), repetitive mechanical wounding significantly reduces the size of tomato plants (Figures 1B-C). Despite statistical significance in growth reduction (p<0.05, according to Student's t-test) was only observed seven days after wounding (7 DAW, 32 d of age), shoot growth rate changed at early time points (3 and 4 DAW, 28 and 29 d of age, respectively) when compared to unwounded control (Figure 1B).…”

Phosphate-deprivation and damage signalling by extracellular ATP

“…The signalling pathway from eATP to wounding/immunity transcription runs through the plasma membrane legume-like lectin serine-threonine receptor kinase “ DO es not R espond to N ucleotides1” (DORN1/P2K1) and also its co-receptor phosphorylation target P2K2, although whether all cell types deploy this co-receptor is unknown ( Choi et al., 2014 ; Jewell et al., 2019 ; Pham et al., 2020 ). Wound-induced inhibition of plant growth is mediated by P2K1 ( Shi et al., 2022 ) and this receptor is required for limiting infection by bacteria, oomycetes and fungi ( Gouget et al., 2006 ; Bouwmeester et al., 2011 ; Bouwmeester et al., 2014 ; Balagué et al., 2017 ; Chen et al., 2017 ; Tripathi et al., 2018 ; Nizam et al., 2019 ; Kumar et al., 2020 ). Overexpression of P2K1 can confer resistance to insect and nematode attack ( Jewell et al., 2022 ).…”