“…Antidepressants, and in particular tricyclic antidepressants (TCAs), have long been known to interact with the opioid system. A number of studies have shown that the administration of opioid receptor antagonists reverses the anti‐nociceptive effects of TCAs (Biegon and Samuel, 1980; Gray et al ., 1998; Marchand et al ., 2003; Ozturk et al ., 2006; Benbouzid et al ., 2008a,b), and that TCAs potentiate morphine‐induced analgesia in both animals and humans (Mico et al ., 2006). Moreover, in animal behavioural tests predictive of antidepressant activity in humans, such as the forced swimming and learned helplessness tests, the antidepressant action of TCAs has been found to be antagonized by blockade of opioid receptors (Devoize et al ., 1982; Tejedor‐Real et al ., 1995; Besson et al ., 1999).…”