The involvement of AtMKK1 and AtMKK3 in plant-deleterious microbial volatile compounds-induced innate immunity.

Abstract

​​ Microbial volatile compounds (mVCs) are a collection of volatile metabolites from microorganisms with biological effects on all living organisms. mVCs function as gaseous modulators of plant growth and plant health. In this study, the defense events induced by plant-deleterious mVCs were investigated. Enterobacter aerogenes VCs lead to growth inhibition and immune responses in Arabidopsis thaliana. E. aerogenes VCs negatively regulate auxin response and transport gene expression in the root tip, as evidenced by decreased expression of DR5::GFP, PIN3::PIN3-GFP and PIN4::PIN4-GFP. Data from transcriptional analysis suggests that E. aerogenes VCs trigger hypoxia response, innate immune responses and metabolic processes. In addition, the transcript abundance of the genes involved in the synthetic pathways of antimicrobial metabolites camalexin and coumarin is enhanced after the E. aerogenes VCs exposure. MKK1 and MKK3 are identified as the regulators of the camalexin biosynthesis expression, whereas the gene expression of the coumarin biosynthesis pathway is only regulated by MKK3. Moreover, we demonstrate that MKK1 and MKK3 mediate the E. aerogenes VCs-induced callose deposition. Collectively, these studies provide molecular insights into immune responses by plant-deleterious mVCs.