The invisible wounds: The occurrence of psychological abuse and anxiety compared with previous experience of physical abuse during the childbearing year

Abstract

The aim of this study was to measure the prevalence, effects and character of psychological abuse in women visiting antenatal clinics. A standardized questionnaire based on four different established scales (PMWI, SVAW, TSC-33, and STAI) was used to estimate the frequency of psychological, physical and sexual abuse, anxiety and depression. In the study 207 pregnant Swedish born women married to or cohabiting with Swedish born men were consecutively chosen from three different antenatal clinics from the city of Göteborg, Sweden. Personal interviews were conducted in connection to their regular visit to the antenatal clinic, ranging from the first to the third trimester. Fifty-one (24.5%) women out of 207 reported threats and/or acts of violence during the last year according to the Severity of Violence Against Women Scale (SVAW). There was 89.4% who had experienced dominance/isolation according to the Psychological Maltreatment of Women Inventory (PMWI) and 44.4% of the women reported emotional/verbal abuse. Occupational status, but not age income or education, was found to be significantly correlated to physical violence, dominance/isolation and to emotional/verbal factor according to Psychological Maltreatment of Women Inventory (PMWI). Threats of moderate violence' and 'serious violence' were strongly correlated to physical violence (correlation coefficient 0.9433 and 0.9405, respectively). Sexual abuse demonstrated a high correlation to physical violence and emotional/verbal factor. The results indicate that sexual violence is highly represented in the abusive relationship and also that depression and anxiety in the childbearing year may be caused by domestic violence. This study emphasises the importance of incorporating screening for threats and actual acts of psychological, physical and sexual abuse into routine care for women, enabling health care providers to identify high-risk patients and improve quality of care.

Psychological intimate partner violence: the major predictor of posttraumatic stress disorder in abused women

“…Subjective reports by women involved in violent relationships also suggest that women perceive psychological abuse as having a greater adverse effect than physical abuse [47,49,52]. Indeed, psychological abuse seems to have its independent effect on the development of PTSD [33,49,[53][54][55][56]. After statistical removal of the contribution of physical violence, increased levels of psychological abuse have been positively related with increased traumatic stress and psychological symptoms [50,57,58].…”

Domestic violence in late pregnancy and splenic injury: delayed presentation

“…However, abuse can take many forms. In this same study population, 44% of women reported emotional or verbal abuse and 90% reported that they had felt dominated and isolated during their pregnancy (3). Abused women are more likely to have been abused before, and are more likely single, younger, poorly educated and from a low socio‐economic group.…”

“…In a study from our own hospital, pregnancy was shown to be a marker for domestic violence towards women (2). In an unselected obstetric population, 25% of women reported threats and/or acts of violence during the preceding year (3). However, abuse can take many forms.…”

Partner Violence And Condom Use in HIV-Discordant Heterosexual Partnerships.

“…Our decision to combine actual physical violence and threats of physical violence into one variable, which we refer to as physical violence, was based on past research showing that partners who make threats of physical violence often carry out physically violent acts [8].…”