The invariance assumption in process-dissociation models: An evaluation across three domains.

Klauer, Karl Christoph; Dittrich, Kerstin; Scholtes, Christine; Voss, Andreas

doi:10.1037/xge0000044

Cited by 24 publications

(25 citation statements)

References 102 publications

(259 reference statements)

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“…According to the DDM, there are different mechanisms by which race can impact the decision to shoot. However, within the framework of the model, there are only two plausible hypotheses by which race can lead to an asymmetric change in error rates and faster “Shoot” decisions for armed Black targets and slower “Don’t Shoot” decisions for unarmed Black targets (Correll et al, 2015 ; Klauer, Dittrich, Scholtes, & Voss, 2015 ).…”

Section: Hypotheses On the Effects Of Race On The Decision Processmentioning

confidence: 99%

How race affects evidence accumulation during the decision to shoot

2017

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The biasing role of stereotypes is a central theme in social cognition research. For example, to understand the role of race in police officers’ decisions to shoot, participants have been shown images of Black and White males and instructed to shoot only if the target is holding a gun. Findings show that Black targets are shot more frequently and more quickly than Whites. The decision to shoot has typically been modeled and understood as a signal detection process in which a sample of information is compared against a criterion, with the criterion set for Black targets being lower. We take a different approach, modeling the decision to shoot as a dynamic process in which evidence is accumulated over time until a threshold is reached. The model accounts for both the choice and response time data for both correct and incorrect decisions using a single set of parameters. Across four studies, this dynamic perspective revealed that the target’s race did not create an initial bias to shoot Black targets. Instead, race impacted the rate of evidence accumulation with evidence accumulating faster to shoot for Black targets. Some participants also tended to be more cautious with Black targets, setting higher decision thresholds. Besides providing a more cohesive and richer account of the decision to shoot or not, the dynamic model suggests interventions that may address the use of race information in decisions to shoot and a means to measure their effectiveness.Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.3758/s13423-017-1369-6) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.

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Section: Hypotheses On the Effects Of Race On The Decision Processmentioning

confidence: 99%

How race affects evidence accumulation during the decision to shoot

2017

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“…In a subsequent analysis, report estimations that only include experiments that I subjectively considered as close replications of the paradigm (excluding those that sought to attenuate or exacerbate WIT effects). Examples of close replications can include experimental data with minor modifications (e.g., [20,32]) and those paradigms that used the WIT to document individual differences (e.g.,[8,19]).…”

Section: Estimating Wit Effect Sizementioning

confidence: 99%

The Weapons Identification Task: Recommendations for adequately powered research

Rivers

2017

PLoS ONE

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This article synthesizes the extant literature on the Weapons Identification Task (WIT), a sequential priming paradigm developed to investigate the impact of racial priming on identification of stereotype-congruent and stereotype-irrelevant objects. Given recent controversy over the replicability of and statistical power required to detect priming effects, the aim of this synthesis is to systematically assess the literature in order to develop recommendations for statistical power in future research with the WIT paradigm. To develop these recommendations, the present article first quantitatively ascertains the magnitude of publication bias in the extant literature. Next, expected effect sizes and power recommendations are generated from the extant literature. Finally, a close conceptual replication of the WIT paradigm is conducted to prospectively test these recommendations. Racial priming effects are detected in this prospective test providing increased confidence in the WIT priming effect and credibility to the proposed recommendations for power.

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“…Parameters C ijm and A ijm are probabilities in the range between zero and one; following previous work (e.g. Albert & Chib, 1993;Klauer et al, 2015;Rouder et al, 2008), we used a probit function to link these probabilities to the second-level parameters as follows:…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…If the PD instruction affects those cognitive processes, the PD equations do no longer yield valid estimates. Recently, the invariance assumption was indeed found to be violated for the controlled process across three different paradigms (Klauer, Dittrich, Scholtes, & Voss, 2015). 5 To summarize, Wilkinson and Shanks (2004) speculated that participants might use perseverative response strategies especially in the exclusion condition of the PD generation task; as a consequence, explicit knowledge would be less likely to affect exclusion performance.…”

Section: Assumptions Underlying the Pd Approachmentioning

confidence: 99%

Assumptions of the process-dissociation procedure are violated in implicit sequence learning.

Barth¹,

Stahl²,

Haider³

2019

Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cogni

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In implicit sequence learning, a process-dissociation (PD) approach has been proposed to dissociate implicit and explicit learning processes. Applied to the popular generation task, participants perform two different task versions: instructions require generating the transitions that form the learned sequence; instructions require generating transitions other than those of the learned sequence. Whereas accurate performance under inclusion may be based on either implicit or explicit knowledge, avoiding to generate learned transitions requires controllable explicit sequence knowledge. The PD approach yields separate estimates of explicit and implicit knowledge that are derived from the same task; it therefore avoids many problems of previous measurement approaches. However, the PD approach rests on the critical assumption that the implicit and explicit processes are invariant across inclusion and exclusion conditions. We tested whether the invariance assumptions hold for the PD generation task. Across three studies using first-order as well as second-order regularities, invariance of the controlled process was found to be violated. In particular, despite extensive amounts of practice, explicit knowledge was not exhaustively expressed in the exclusion condition. We discuss the implications of these findings for the use of process-dissociation in assessing implicit knowledge. (PsycINFO Database Record

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The invariance assumption in process-dissociation models: An evaluation across three domains.

Cited by 24 publications

References 102 publications

How race affects evidence accumulation during the decision to shoot

How race affects evidence accumulation during the decision to shoot

The Weapons Identification Task: Recommendations for adequately powered research

Assumptions of the process-dissociation procedure are violated in implicit sequence learning.

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