The intrinsic shape of the human lumbar spine in the supine, standing and sitting postures: characterization using an active shape model

Meakin, Judith R.; Gregory, Jennifer S.; Aspden, Richard M.; Smith, Francis W.; Gilbert, Fiona J.

doi:10.1111/j.1469-7580.2009.01102.x

Cited by 48 publications

(76 citation statements)

References 40 publications

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“…Active shape modelling is a precise and reliable method of characterising the shape of the lumbar spine [1,3]. This method has been described in detail previously [3].…”

Section: Active Shape Modellingmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…This method has been described in detail previously [3]. Briefly, active shape modelling is a statistical model of shape that uses principal components analysis to identify 'modes' of variation in shape, enabling the quantification of this variation [20,21].…”

Section: Active Shape Modellingmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The set of shapes could be described by two variables, which we called curviness and evenness: curviness describing the overall curvature and evenness whether the curvature was distributed along the lumbar spine or appeared primarily in one region. Correlation between the values of each variable in standing, supine and seated postures showed that the shape of the lumbar spine in one posture was related to its shape in the other postures [3]. Using the same model we have also investigated the changes that occur in spinal shape during loading [6,7] and found that axial loading of the spine results in curvier than average spines becoming more curved and straighter spines straightening further [7].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 98%

“…These figures miss important information about the variation of curvature along the length of the lumbar spine [2]. They produce a large number of variables which are not easily compared between subjects and lack precision, especially if angles are close to zero [2,3]. A statistical modelling approach using active shape modelling (ASM) uses principal components analysis to reduce the number of variables needed to describe spinal morphology while capturing systematic variations in spinal shape.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…A statistical modelling approach using active shape modelling (ASM) uses principal components analysis to reduce the number of variables needed to describe spinal morphology while capturing systematic variations in spinal shape. Shape modelling of the lumbar spine has been shown to be a reliable, precise [3] and accurate [2] method of characterising sagittal spinal shape. It has also been used to assess vertebral morphometry and fractures in lateral DXA images and vertebral shape on lumbar radiographs [4,5].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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The lumbar spine has an intrinsic shape specific to each individual that remains a characteristic throughout flexion and extension

et al. 2014

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Purpose We have previously shown that the lumbar spine has an intrinsic shape specific to the individual and characteristic of sitting, standing and supine postures. The purpose of this study was to test the hypothesis that this intrinsic shape is detectable throughout a range of postures from extension to full flexion in healthy adults. Methods Sagittal images of the lumbar spine were taken using a positional MRI with participants (n = 30) adopting six postures: seated extension, neutral standing, standing with 30, 45 and 60°and full flexion. Active shape modelling (ASM) was used to identify and quantify 'modes' of variation in the shape of the lumbar spine. Results ASM showed that 89.5 % of the variation in the shape of the spine could be explained by the first two modes; describing the overall curvature and the distribution of curvature of the spine. Mode scores were significantly correlated between all six postures (modes 1-9, r = 0.4-0.97, P \ 0.05), showing that an element of intrinsic shape was maintained when changing postures. The spine was most even in seated extension (P \ 0.001) and most uneven between 35 and 45°flexion (P \ 0.05). Conclusions This study shows that an individual's intrinsic lumbar spine shape is quantifiable and detectable throughout lumbar flexion and extension. These findings will enable the role of lumbar curvature in injury and low back pain to be assessed in the clinic and in the working and recreational environments.

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“…Active shape modelling is a precise and reliable method of characterising the shape of the lumbar spine [1,3]. This method has been described in detail previously [3].…”

Section: Active Shape Modellingmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Active Shape Modellingmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 98%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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The lumbar spine has an intrinsic shape specific to each individual that remains a characteristic throughout flexion and extension

et al. 2014

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Development of Pelvic Incidence and Lumbar Lordosis in Children and Adolescents

Bailey

Shefi

Soudack

et al. 2019

The Anatomical Record

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Pelvic incidence (PI) is a measure of the sagittal orientation of the sacrum relative to the acetabula and is not dependent on posture. In asymptomatic adults, PI correlates with lumbar lordosis. Lumbar lordosis is shown to increase with age following the onset of unassisted bipedal locomotion in children, but to what extent PI changes in relation to lumbar lordosis during skeletal maturation is unclear. The purpose of this study is to understand how PI, lumbar lordosis, and age are related in children and adolescents. PI, supine lumbar lordosis (SLL), and individual wedging angles of the lumbar vertebral bodies were measured on mid‐sagittal reformatted images from 144 abdominal computed tomographic scans of individuals aged 2–20 years old, divided into three separate age categories representing pre‐growth spurt (ages 2–9), growth spurt (10–15), and post‐growth spurt (16–20). Our results showed that, while SLL significantly increased with age during development, PI did not. Despite the fact that PI hardly changed with age, the difference between PI and SLL decreased nonlinearly with age. SLL did not correlate with PI in the youngest age category, but positively correlated with PI in the middle and oldest age categories. The relationship between lumbar lordosis and PI, which is correlated in adults, was significant in our older age categories and not in our youngest age category. Our results indicate that PI in children and adolescents may have some predictive value for adult lumbar lordosis. Anat Rec, 302:2132–2139, 2019. © 2019 American Association for Anatomy

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Motor development in infancy and spine shape in early old age: Findings from a British birth cohort study

Saunders

Gregory

Pavlova

et al. 2020

Journal Orthopaedic Research

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Spine shape changes dramatically in early life, influenced by attainment of developmental milestones such as independent walking. Whether these associations persist across life is unknown. Therefore, we investigated associations between developmental milestones and spine shape, as determined using statistical shape models (SSMs) of lumbar spine from dual‐energy X‐ray absorptiometry scans in 1327 individuals (688 female) at 60 to 64 years in the MRC National Survey of Health and Development. Lumbar lordosis angle (L4 inferior endplate to T12 superior endplate) was measured using the two‐line Cobb method. In analyses adjusted for sex, height, lean and fat mass, socioeconomic position, and birthweight, later walking age was associated with greater lordosis described by SSM1 (regression coefficient, 0.023; 95% CI, 0.000‐0.047; P = .05) and direct angle measurement. Modest associations between walking age and less variation in anterior‐posterior vertebral size caudally (SSM6) were also observed (0.021; 95% CI, −0.002 to 0.044; P = .07). Sex interactions showed that later walking was associated with larger relative vertebral anterior‐posterior dimensions in men (SSM3; −0.043; 95% CI, −0.075 to 0.01; P = .01) but not women (0.018; 95% CI, −0.0007 to 0.043; P = .17). Similar associations were observed between age at independent standing and SSMs but there was little evidence of association between sitting age and spine shape. Unadjusted associations between walking age and SSMs 1 and 6 remained similar after adjustment for potential confounders and mediators. This suggests that these associations may be explained by altered mechanical loading of the spine during childhood growth, although other factors could contribute. Early life motor development, particularly walking, may have a lasting effect on the features of spine morphology with clinical significance.

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The intrinsic shape of the human lumbar spine in the supine, standing and sitting postures: characterization using an active shape model

Cited by 48 publications

References 40 publications

The lumbar spine has an intrinsic shape specific to each individual that remains a characteristic throughout flexion and extension

The lumbar spine has an intrinsic shape specific to each individual that remains a characteristic throughout flexion and extension

Development of Pelvic Incidence and Lumbar Lordosis in Children and Adolescents

Motor development in infancy and spine shape in early old age: Findings from a British birth cohort study

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