The Intricate Relationship between Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus (T2DM), Insulin Resistance (IR), and Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease (NAFLD)

Tănase, Daniela Maria; Gosav, Evelina Maria; Costea, Claudia Florida; Ciocoiu, Manuela; Lǎcǎtusu, C.M.; Mărănducă, Minela Aida; Ouatu, Anca; Floria, Mariana

doi:10.1155/2020/3920196

Cited by 275 publications

(251 citation statements)

References 215 publications

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“…T2DM and metabolic syndrome are closely correlated with an increase in the obese population. IR causes a decrease in glucose influx in muscle cells, a decrease in glucose synthesis inhibition in hepatocytes, and an excessive increase in glucose, resulting in an increase in blood sugar and an excessive influx of free fatty acids into the blood [31]. Free fatty acids decomposed from adipocytes damage the insulin signaling pathway, thereby lowering the sensitivity of the insulin receptors that bind to insulin even if insulin is secreted from the pancreas [32].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Lactiplantibacillus plantarum MG4296 and Lacticaseibacillus paracasei MG5012 Ameliorates Insulin Resistance in Palmitic Acid-Induced HepG2 Cells and High Fat Diet-Induced Mice

et al. 2021

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The purpose of this study was to evaluate the capacity of Lactiplantibacillus plantarum MG4296 (MG4296) and Lacticaseibacillus paracasei MG5012 (MG5012) on insulin resistance (IR) and diabetes-related metabolic changes in palmitic acid (PA)-induced HepG2 cells and high-fat diet-induced mice. In vitro, cell-free extracts of MG4296 and MG5012 alleviated IR by increasing glucose uptake and glycogen content in PA-induced insulin-resistant HepG2 cells. In vivo, MG4296 and MG5012 supplementation markedly decreased body weight and glucose tolerance. Administration of both strains also improved serum glucose, glycated hemoglobin, insulin, triglyceride, LDL/HDL ratio, and homeostatic model assessment of IR (HOMA-IR). Histopathological analysis of liver tissue demonstrated a significant reduction in lipid accumulation and glycogen content. Moreover, MG4296 and MG5012 treatment enhanced phosphoinositide-3 kinase (PI3K)/protein kinase B (Akt) expression in the liver. Overall, MG4296 and MG5012 could prevent HFD-induced glucose tolerance and hyperglycemia by improving IR. Therefore, L. plantarum MG4296 and L. paracasei MG5012 could be useful as new probiotics candidates to improve T2DM.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Lactiplantibacillus plantarum MG4296 and Lacticaseibacillus paracasei MG5012 Ameliorates Insulin Resistance in Palmitic Acid-Induced HepG2 Cells and High Fat Diet-Induced Mice

et al. 2021

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“…Inflammation is believed to be an important step in the pathogenesis of IR (Adabimohazab et al, 2016). What's more, IR and inflammation form a vicious circle, each condition promoting the other and accelerating the development of metabolic disorders in the presence of lipotoxicity (Tanase et al, 2020). IR is typically quite pronounced in T2DM, but those with NAFLD had marked IR, more severe than those with T2DM without NAFLD (Kelley et al, 2003).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Bicyclol Regulates Hepatic Gluconeogenesis in Rats with Type 2 Diabetes and Non-alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease by Inhibiting Inflammation

Qian

et al. 2021

Front. Pharmacol.

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Hepatic gluconeogenesis plays an important role in maintaining the body’s glucose metabolism homeostasis. Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is the most common cause of chronic liver diseases, when combined with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM), it can cause severe glucose metabolism disorders. Studies have confirmed that chronic liver inflammatory lesions are the basis of T2DM combined with NAFLD (T2DM–NAFLD), inhibiting liver inflammation can improve glucose metabolism disorders. It is essential to explore safe and effective drugs to inhibit liver inflammation to improve the body’s glucose metabolism disorders. Bicyclol is a biphenyl derivative that has anti-oxidative and anti-inflammatory properties. In the present study, the hepatoprotective effects and underlying mechanisms of bicyclol in T2DM–NAFLD were investigated, and T2DM–NAFLD with/without bicyclol treatment models were established. The results revealed that bicyclol alleviated fasting blood glucose, serum transaminase levels, insulin resistance, hepatic adipogenesis, lipid accumulation and markedly reduced T2DM–NAFLD rat histological alterations of livers. Not only that, bicyclol markedly attenuated T2DM–NAFLD induced production of inflammation factors (IL-1β and TNF-α). Moreover, bicyclol suppressed the expression of insulin/gluconeogenesis signaling pathway (Akt, PGC-1α and PEPCK). These findings suggested that bicyclol might be a potentially effective drug for the treatment of T2DM–NAFLD and other metabolic disorders.

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“…A similar percentage of patients with depression develop resistance to anti-depressants [ 14 ]. Diuretic resistance and insulin resistance are common among patients with congestive heart failure and diabetes, respectively [ 15 , 16 ]. Cancer drug resistance is a major obstacle for the treatment of multiple malignancies [ 17 , 18 ].…”

Section: Loss Of Effectiveness Of Chronic Drugs: Low Adherence Andmentioning

confidence: 99%

Improving Global Healthcare and Reducing Costs Using Second-Generation Artificial Intelligence-Based Digital Pills: A Market Disruptor

Ilan

2021

IJERPH

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Background and Aims: Improving global health requires making current and future drugs more effective and affordable. While healthcare systems around the world are faced with increasing costs, branded and generic drug companies are facing the challenge of creating market differentiators. Two of the problems associated with the partial or complete loss of response to chronic medications are a lack of adherence and compensatory responses to chronic drug administration, which leads to tolerance and loss of effectiveness. Approach and Results: First-generation artificial intelligence (AI) systems do not address these needs and suffer from a low adoption rate by patients and clinicians. Second-generation AI systems are focused on a single subject and on improving patients’ clinical outcomes. The digital pill, which combines a personalized second-generation AI system with a branded or generic drug, improves the patient response to drugs by increasing adherence and overcoming the loss of response to chronic medications. By improving the effectiveness of drugs, the digital pill reduces healthcare costs and increases end-user adoption. The digital pill also provides a market differentiator for branded and generic drug companies. Conclusions: Implementing the use of a digital pill is expected to reduce healthcare costs, providing advantages for all the players in the healthcare system including patients, clinicians, healthcare authorities, insurance companies, and drug manufacturers. The described business model for the digital pill is based on distributing the savings across all stakeholders, thereby enabling improved global health.

show abstract

The Intricate Relationship between Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus (T2DM), Insulin Resistance (IR), and Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease (NAFLD)

Cited by 275 publications

References 215 publications

Lactiplantibacillus plantarum MG4296 and Lacticaseibacillus paracasei MG5012 Ameliorates Insulin Resistance in Palmitic Acid-Induced HepG2 Cells and High Fat Diet-Induced Mice

Lactiplantibacillus plantarum MG4296 and Lacticaseibacillus paracasei MG5012 Ameliorates Insulin Resistance in Palmitic Acid-Induced HepG2 Cells and High Fat Diet-Induced Mice

Bicyclol Regulates Hepatic Gluconeogenesis in Rats with Type 2 Diabetes and Non-alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease by Inhibiting Inflammation

Improving Global Healthcare and Reducing Costs Using Second-Generation Artificial Intelligence-Based Digital Pills: A Market Disruptor

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