The intestinal γδ T cells: functions in the gut and in the distant organs

Li, Guoqing; Xia, Jiliang; Zeng, Weihong; Luo, Weijia; Liu, Logen; Zeng, Xi; Cao, Deliang

doi:10.3389/fimmu.2023.1206299

Cited by 9 publications

(4 citation statements)

References 155 publications

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“…Molecules such as IL-7, IL-15, butyrophilin-like molecules (BTNL), the ligand-activated transcription factor AhR (aryl hydrocarbon receptor), and aldo-keto reductase 1B8 (AKR1B8) are essential for the proliferation, survival, and maintenance of the homeostatic mechanism of intestinal γδ T cells [48]. The G protein-coupled receptor GPR18 can also regulate the expansion of γδ T cells in the gut and their positioning next to epithelial cells [49,50].…”

Section: Intestinal γδ T Cellsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Interplay between Microbiota and γδ T Cells: Insights into Immune Homeostasis and Neuro-Immune Interactions

Mohamed,

al-Ramadi,

Fernandez-Cabezudo

2024

IJMS

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The gastrointestinal (GI) tract of multicellular organisms, especially mammals, harbors a symbiotic commensal microbiota with diverse microorganisms including bacteria, fungi, viruses, and other microbial and eukaryotic species. This microbiota exerts an important role on intestinal function and contributes to host health. The microbiota, while benefiting from a nourishing environment, is involved in the development, metabolism and immunity of the host, contributing to the maintenance of homeostasis in the GI tract. The immune system orchestrates the maintenance of key features of host–microbe symbiosis via a unique immunological network that populates the intestinal wall with different immune cell populations. Intestinal epithelium contains lymphocytes in the intraepithelial (IEL) space between the tight junctions and the basal membrane of the gut epithelium. IELs are mostly CD8+ T cells, with the great majority of them expressing the CD8αα homodimer, and the γδ T cell receptor (TCR) instead of the αβ TCR expressed on conventional T cells. γδ T cells play a significant role in immune surveillance and tissue maintenance. This review provides an overview of how the microbiota regulates γδ T cells and the influence of microbiota-derived metabolites on γδ T cell responses, highlighting their impact on immune homeostasis. It also discusses intestinal neuro-immune regulation and how γδ T cells possess the ability to interact with both the microbiota and brain.

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Section: Intestinal γδ T Cellsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Interplay between Microbiota and γδ T Cells: Insights into Immune Homeostasis and Neuro-Immune Interactions

Mohamed,

al-Ramadi,

Fernandez-Cabezudo

2024

IJMS

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“…They are encoded by a lower number of V, D and J segments with a limited clonotypic diversity [ 41 ]. Functionally, gamma-delta T cells rapidly respond to microbial antigens, with the production of IFN-gamma, TNF-alpha and IL-17 [ 42 ]. It has been reported that gamma-delta T cells from long-lived memory cells, following bacterial challenge, can permanently reside in the affected tissue.…”

Section: T Cell Receptor and T Cell Activationmentioning

confidence: 99%

Current Views about the Inflammatory Damage Triggered by Bacterial Superantigens and Experimental Attempts to Neutralize Superantigen-Mediated Toxic Effects with Natural and Biological Products

Santacroce,

Topi,

Charitos

et al. 2024

Pathophysiology

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Superantigens, i.e., staphylococcal enterotoxins and toxic shock syndrome toxin-1, interact with T cells in a different manner in comparison to conventional antigens. In fact, they activate a larger contingent of T lymphocytes, binding outside the peptide-binding groove of the major histocompatibility complex class II. Involvement of many T cells by superantigens leads to a massive release of pro-inflammatory cytokines, such as interleukin (IL)-1, IL-2, IL-6, tumor necrosis factor-alpha and interferon-gamma. Such a storm of mediators has been shown to account for tissue damage, multiorgan failure and shock. Besides conventional drugs and biotherapeutics, experiments with natural and biological products have been undertaken to attenuate the toxic effects exerted by superantigens. In this review, emphasis will be placed on polyphenols, probiotics, beta-glucans and antimicrobial peptides. In fact, these substances share a common functional denominator, since they skew the immune response toward an anti-inflammatory profile, thus mitigating the cytokine wave evoked by superantigens. However, clinical applications of these products are still scarce, and more trials are needed to validate their usefulness in humans.

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“…It has been hypothesized that CD8+TCRγδ + may play a role in the preservation of intestinal homeostasis by regulating the mucosal immune response and/or by contributing to the epithelial cell layer maintenance. Functional properties of TCRγδ+ IELs can be mediated by NK receptors (such as NKGD) expressed on a fraction of these cells [75]. At the same time, CD8+ TCRαβ+ IELs have been suggested to kill intestinal epithelial cells (IECs) in an NKG2D-MICA-dependent manner during CeD [76].…”

Section: Cd8 T Lymphocytes With Regulatory Activitymentioning

confidence: 99%

Role of Regulatory T Cells and Their Potential Therapeutic Applications in Celiac Disease

Camarca,

Rotondi Aufiero,

Mazzarella

2023

IJMS

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Celiac disease (CeD) is a T-cell-mediated immune disease, in which gluten-derived peptides activate lamina propria effector CD4+ T cells. While this effector T cell subset produces proinflammatory cytokines, which cause substantial tissue injury in vivo, additional subsets of T cells exist with regulatory functions (Treg). These subsets include CD4+ type 1 regulatory T cells (Tr1) and CD4+ CD25+ T cells expressing the master transcription factor forkhead box P3 (Foxp3) that may have important implications in disease pathogenesis. In this review, we provide an overview of the current knowledge about the effects of immunomodulating cytokines on CeD inflammatory status. Moreover, we outline the main Treg cell populations found in CeD and how their regulatory activity could be influenced by the intestinal microenvironment. Finally, we discuss the Treg therapeutic potential for the development of alternative strategies to the gluten-free diet (GFD).

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The intestinal γδ T cells: functions in the gut and in the distant organs

Cited by 9 publications

References 155 publications

Interplay between Microbiota and γδ T Cells: Insights into Immune Homeostasis and Neuro-Immune Interactions

Interplay between Microbiota and γδ T Cells: Insights into Immune Homeostasis and Neuro-Immune Interactions

Current Views about the Inflammatory Damage Triggered by Bacterial Superantigens and Experimental Attempts to Neutralize Superantigen-Mediated Toxic Effects with Natural and Biological Products

Role of Regulatory T Cells and Their Potential Therapeutic Applications in Celiac Disease

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