The Intestinal Dysbiosis of Mothers with Gestational Diabetes Mellitus (GDM) and Its Impact on the Gut Microbiota of Their Newborns

Abstract

Gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) is defined as “diagnosed as impaired glucose tolerance for the first time during pregnancy,” which can lead to adverse pregnancy outcomes and produces divergent effects on mothers and newborns. In recent years, with the continuous expansion of obese people, GDM shows an upward trend. The abundant and diverse members of the human gut microbiota exert critical roles in the maintenance of human health. Studies have shown that GDM may be associated with disordered gut microbiota in both mothers and newborns. Taking into account the potential effects on maternal and consequently neonatal health, in this review, we analyzed the available data and discussed the current knowledge about the potential relationship between GDM and intestinal dysbiosis in mothers and newborns. In addition, we also discussed the influencing factors derived from GDM mothers on the gut microbiome of their newborns, including the vertical transmission of microbiota from mothers, the alteration of milk components of GDM mothers, and using of probiotics. Hoping that new insights into the role of the gut microbiota in GDM could lead to the development of integrated strategies to prevent and treat these metabolic disorders.

Potential Application of Living Microorganisms in the Detoxification of Heavy Metals

“…As a pivotal regulator of the digestive system, the gut microbiota participates in the metabolism and storage of nutrients, xenobiotics and drugs; it also assists in antimicrobial protection, immunomodulation, and even maintains the structure and integrity of the gastrointestinal tract [75]. There is clear evidence that many prevalent metabolic and immune diseases originate from the intestine as a result of the disruption of normal gut microbiota, named dysbiosis [76][77][78]. The GI tract is the main site by which HMs enter the human body.…”

Metabolomic profiles and microbiota of GDM offspring: The key for future perspective?

“…Nowadays, there is a growing number of studies demonstrating an association between GDM and changes in the intestinal bacterial flora both in the mother ( 18 , 102 ) and in the offspring ( 18 ) and specific alterations of the microbiota seem to be found both in the mother and in the progeny. Furthermore, the trend of some of these altered bacterial species appears similar in the mother-child couple, supporting not only a possible form of intergenerational transmission but also the impact of the maternal microbiota on the intestinal colonization process of the offspring ( 18 ).…”

“…In this context, a valid contribution can also be provided by the analysis of the microbiota, the main responsible for the fecal metabolome, which has been found to be altered in pregnancies complicated by GDM, with the possibility of transmission to the offspring ( 17 , 18 ).…”

Meta-analysis of the microbial biomarkers in the gut–lung crosstalk in COVID-19, community-acquired pneumonia and Clostridium difficile infections

“…influences dysbiosis which in turn can pose a threat to the distant organs as well Li et al . 2021 .…”

“…Multitude of factors including the diet, intake of antibiotics, chronic inflammations, stress, environmental factors, immune suppression etc. influences dysbiosis which in turn can pose a threat to the distant organs as well Li et al 2021. Respiratory disorders that affect the lungs and airways throw a global burden resulting in one-sixth of all mortality across the world. The "Big five" respiratory disorders constituting chronic obstructive pulmonary disorders (COPD), asthma, tuberculosis, acute respiratory infections and lung cancer are more lethal (Kogan et al 2019).…”