Some years ago I reviewed current beliefs concerning the digestion and absorption of protein (Fisher, 1954). The view then was that proteins were broken down to amino acids in the intestine and were passed across the mucosa as such into the portal blood.There seemed to me to be two major objections to this view. The first objection was that all available evidence suggested that the time-course of hydrolysis of protein by alimentary enzymes was at least an order too slow. The second objection was that no one had ever accounted for more than a minority of the protein in the form of amino acids added to the blood stream, Since that time a great deal of work has been carried out on a number of aspects of these problems. Before I consider how far this work has changed the position I want to try to clear up some general points. First I want to emphasize the distinction between the two processes ( I ) uptake of substances from the lumen of the intestine and (2) passage of substances from the mucosa into the body fluids. We have got so tied up with the notion that demonstration of active transport requires that we should show transport against a concentration gradient, that we tend to forget that what comes out may be in a different form from what goes in. For instance, when fructose is absorbed from guinea-pig small intestine, a third of it appears on the other side as glucose (Darlington 8E