The interrelationships between moral attitudes, posttraumatic stress disorder symptoms and mixed lateral preference in Israeli reserve combat troops

Ritov, Gilad; Barnetz, Zion

doi:10.1177/0020764013502469

Cited by 14 publications

(16 citation statements)

References 27 publications

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“…Moreover, 31% of the veterans experienced at least one of the MI betrayal events. These rates are similar to other reports around the world (Hoge et al., ; Jordan et al., ) and in Israel (Ritov & Barnetz, ). However, this is the first study that examined a broad range of PMIEs and thus allowed us to capture the oversized dimension of this experience over time.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 92%

“…Among Israeli veterans, one study found that as compared to veterans who have not been exposed to or degraded Palestinian civilians reported more PTSS and higher rates of PTSD (Bleich et al., ). The second study among reserve combat troops revealed that veterans with high moral objection reported significantly more PTSS in comparison to participants with low moral objection (Ritov & Barnetz, ). To the best of our knowledge, there are no studies that directly examined the wide spectrum of PMIEs and their associations with PTSS.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The first study found that as compared to veterans with no exposure to the civilian Palestinian population (CPP), veterans who served among the CPP had greater exposure to civilian‐related violent incidents (Bleich et al., ). The second study revealed that 19.7% of Israeli veterans who served in the West Bank and Gaza regions have reported high moral objection to the commands they were expected to act upon (e.g., the commands violate human dignity) (Ritov & Barnetz, ).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Moral injury process and its psychological consequences among Israeli combat veterans

Zerach

Levi‐Belz

2018

J Clin Psychol

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 92%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Moral injury process and its psychological consequences among Israeli combat veterans

Zerach

Levi‐Belz

2018

J Clin Psychol

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“…Military service and particularly involvement in military occupation and urban war that includes civilians may lead to antiwar stances, moral objection, and peace activism (Sasson‐Levy, Levy, & Lomsky‐Feder, ). It is believed that moral objection in the military may affect the severity of PTSD symptoms among combatants (Ritov & Barnetz, ). However, in our study, similar to previous studies regarding the reality of security threats and intractable conflicts (Bar‐Tal ; Halperin, Bar‐Tal, Sharvit, Rosler, & Raviv, ; Kriesberg ), the combatants focused mainly on the traumas of their own “side” of the conflict and did not focus on moral objection.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…By exploring the experiences of combatants in the military, we can learn more about gendered practices. The military environment causes soldiers—both men and women—to feel that they should repress their emotions (Ritov, & Barnetz, ), and this practice is considered to be “normal” in military institutional practice (Kronsell, ). Van der Kolk et al () claim that as long as memories of the trauma remain detached and dissociated, they might be expressed as psychiatric symptoms that will interfere with proper functioning in the future.…”

Section: Findings: Potentially Traumatic Events and Women Combatants mentioning

confidence: 99%

The Politics of Trauma Studies: What Can We Learn From Women Combatants' Experiences of Traumatic Events in Conflict Zones?

Daphna–Tekoah

Harel-Shalev

2016

Political Psychology

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Ayelet Harel-Shalev Ben-Gurion University of the Negev Wars, combat, and political developments triggered the study of trauma. Knowledge about trauma initially emerged from the experiences of men combatants in the battlefield. At a later stage, the study of trauma focused on women and children subject to violence and abuse. The current research suggests that additional aspects of trauma can be understood through the study of competent women exposed to traumatic events and not merely as victims of war or abuse. The study offers an analysis of women combatants' narratives of their exposure to traumatic events in conflict zones. Data were obtained from two focus groups and a series of 30 personal interviews of women veterans who served in the IDF. Interviewing women combat soldiers revealed a variety of narratives of their war experiences, including the intertwining of the emotional and the physical. The window to understanding the trauma was opened by analysis of the responses of the women combatants to potentially traumatic events rather than by focusing on post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) per se. We emphasize the need for a critical perspective in the study of trauma and combat trauma and propose that there is value in engaging with and listening to diverse narratives of trauma.KEY WORDS: women combatants, trauma, body, armed conflicts, war, feminist IR "I remember I didn't feel a thing. I had to pee before that, and when they brought the dead bodies and the wounded soldiers, I didn't feel anything. I didn't think about anything. I didn't have to pee anymore. I didn't feel that heaviness that I had before. I felt a mixture of stuff, and there was the smell. I remember the smell. I smell it now. I imagine a burnt smell, when hair is burned, like plastic. A burned body has a weird smell of burned plastic. It's not like a bonfire, it's that sort of smell. . .. I smelled it only from bodies. I remember I didn't feel a thing afterwards. One of the combat men soldiers puked and another one was nauseous. I ignored it and kept on doing stuff, taking care of them, like it wasn't a part of my life. This interview with you is the first time I'm telling about the bodies, like it's not a part of my life right now. (Scurfield, 2009;Turnbull, 1998) and its aftermath emerged from the emotional experiences and combat distress of men combatants (Finkelhor, Shattuck, Turner, & Hamby, 2014;Freud, 1920Freud, /2011. This research was later complemented by studies of the trauma of women and children as abused victims (Brownmiller, 1975;Walker, 1993). Current knowledge about trauma, therefore, stems from studies on combat men and victim women. In this context, we suggest that hegemonic masculinity influences the study of trauma, just as it influences and reinforces everyday practices of gendered identities (Kronsell, 2006, 109).Judith Herman, in her seminal work on " Trauma and Recovery" (1992), held that the systematic study of psychological trauma was initiated as a result of the evolvement of political movements and political ...

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Exposure to combat incidents within military and civilian populations as possible correlates of potentially morally injurious events and moral injury outcomes among Israeli combat veterans

Zerach

Levi‐Belz

2021

Clin Psychology and Psychoth

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Objectives: Exposure to potentially morally injurious events (PMIEs) is considered a necessary but insufficient determinant of moral injury (MI) outcomes. However, a question remains regarding possible acts and the necessary features of PMIEs that should be considered transgressive and might lead to MI psychopathological outcomes. We aim to examine the links between exposure to combat incidents within civilian Palestinian populations (CPPs), PMIEs and MI-related outcomes of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) symptoms (PTSS), trauma-related guilt and shame. We also aim to explore the mediating roles of subjective perceptions of PMIEs in the relationship between exposure to combat incidents within CPP and MI-related outcomes among combat veterans. Method: A volunteer sample of 716 Israeli combat veterans responded to self-report questionnaires in a cross-sectional design study. Results: Exposure to combat incidents within CPP has been primarily associated with perpetration based PMIEs and MI-related guilt outcomes. Importantly, betrayal-based PMIEs mediated the association between reports of being the victim of verbal violence by militants and/or civilians and MI outcomes. Moreover, perpetration-based PMIEs mediated associations between reports of personal acts, or witnessing acts, of physical and verbal violence and degradation by militants and/or civilians, and MI outcomes. Conclusions: Military incidents within civilian populations are related to subjective perceptions of PMIEs and MI-related psychopathological outcomes. While betrayalbased experiences might serve as a mechanism to being a victim of verbal violence and MI outcomes, perpetration-based experiences might serve as mechanisms to physical, verbal and degradation incidents and MI outcomes.

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The interrelationships between moral attitudes, posttraumatic stress disorder symptoms and mixed lateral preference in Israeli reserve combat troops

Abstract: Our findings suggest that moral objection has significant implications on combatant's psychological and organic well-being. The findings highlight the need to include moral attitudes in research and clinical practice among combat personnel and veterans.

Cited by 14 publications

References 27 publications

Moral injury process and its psychological consequences among Israeli combat veterans

Moral injury process and its psychological consequences among Israeli combat veterans

The Politics of Trauma Studies: What Can We Learn From Women Combatants' Experiences of Traumatic Events in Conflict Zones?

Exposure to combat incidents within military and civilian populations as possible correlates of potentially morally injurious events and moral injury outcomes among Israeli combat veterans

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