The interpretation of dreams.

Freud, Sigmund

doi:10.1037/10561-000

Cited by 833 publications

(959 citation statements)

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“…This is in keeping with both the day residue (Freud, 1900;Nielsen & Powell, 1992;Powell, Nielsen, Cheung, & Cervenka, 1995), and dream lag (Blagrove et al, 2011a(Blagrove et al, , 2011bNielsen, Kuiken, Alain, Stenstrom, & Powell, 2004) effects. Analyses in the present study illustrated the predominance of waking-life interpersonal relationships being represented in dreams, and to a lesser extent but still common waking-life concerns about work or studying, but financial worries in dreams were relatively rare.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 80%

Dreaming and personality: Wake-dream continuity, thought suppression, and the Big Five Inventory

Malinowski

2015

Consciousness and Cognition

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Studies have found relationships between dream content and personality traits, but there are still many traits that have been underexplored or have had questionable conclusions drawn about them. Experimental work has found a 'rebound' effect in dreams when thoughts are suppressed prior to sleep, but the effect of trait thought suppression on dream content has not yet been researched. In the present study participants (N=106) reported their Most Recent Dream, answered questions about the content of the dream, and completed questionnaires measuring trait thought suppression and the 'Big Five' personality traits. Of these, 83 were suitably recent for analyses. A significant positive correlation was found between trait thought suppression and participants' ratings of dreaming of waking-life emotions, and high suppressors reported dreaming more of their waking-life emotions than low suppressors did. The results may lend support to the compensation theory of dreams, and/or the ironic process theory of mental control.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 80%

Dreaming and personality: Wake-dream continuity, thought suppression, and the Big Five Inventory

Malinowski

2015

Consciousness and Cognition

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“…The second set of processes, responsible for the continuous assembly of memory elements into a constant flow of dream imagery, is not well understood but was appreciated by both Freud (1900Freud ( /1976 and Jung (1974) as the mechanism of condensation. Condensation is the merging into a single image of the attributes of several separate (though motivationally linked) images.…”

Section: Memory Element Recombinationmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Memory elements are recombined on various levels of organization (e.g., perceptual, schematic, thematic, symbolic) to produce coherent, continuous simulations of waking life experience. This process was recognized as a central dimension of dreaming phenomenology by Freud (1900Freud ( /1976, who described it as the hallucinatory, dramatic quality of dreaming, and has been reiterated by many subsequent authors as self-participation (e.g., Bosinelli, Cicogna, & Molinari, 1974), virtual reality (Nielsen, Powell, & Cervenka, 1994;Revonsuo, 2000) and the here-andnow illusion (Nielsen & Stenstrom, 2005). The functional value of reconstituting seemingly unrelated memory elements into virtual simulations may be to strengthen new or weak memory links (Stickgold, Hobson, Fosse, & Fosse, 2001) or to simulate threat to species survival and permit offline rehearsal of behavioral avoidance responses (Revonsuo, 2000).…”

Section: Fear Memory Templatesmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Phenomenological evidence is quite clear that vivid dreaming is experienced as subjectively real (i.e., as if the person were acting and interacting with real characters in real places). This subjective realism has been identified by many authors as dramatic quality (Freud, 1900(Freud, /1976, self-participation (Bosinelli et al, 1974), and virtual reality quality (Nielsen et al, 1994;Revonsuo, 2000). Revonsuo went so far as to suggest that the virtual reality quality of dreams, and especially nightmares, serves the evolutionarily adaptive function of rehearsing survival responses in the face of threat.…”

Section: Hippocampus: Mediator Of Fear Memory Contextmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Disturbed dreaming, posttraumatic stress disorder, and affect distress: A review and neurocognitive model.

Levin

Nielsen

2007

Psychological Bulletin

518

557

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Nightmares are common, occurring weekly in 4%-10% of the population, and are associated with female gender, younger age, increased stress, psychopathology, and dispositional traits. Nightmare pathogenesis remains unexplained, as do differences between nontraumatic and posttraumatic nightmares (for those with or without posttraumatic stress disorder) and relations with waking functioning. No models adequately explain nightmares nor have they been reconciled with recent developments in cognitive neuroscience, fear acquisition, and emotional memory. The authors review the recent literature and propose a conceptual framework for understanding a spectrum of dysphoric dreaming. Central to this is the notion that variations in nightmare prevalence, frequency, severity, and psychopathological comorbidity reflect the influence of both affect load, a consequence of daily variations in emotional pressure, and affect distress, a disposition to experience events with distressing, highly reactive emotions. In a cross-state, multilevel model of dream function and nightmare production, the authors integrate findings on emotional memory structures and the brain correlates of emotion.Keywords: nightmares, distress, neurophysiology of fear memory, posttraumatic stress disorder, psychopathology Nightmares are the most common form of disturbed dreaming. Vivid, with emotions escalating at times to the brink of terror, they are manifestations of the dramatic autonomic and cognitive fluctuations that can arise during rapid eye movement (REM) sleep and, under certain circumstances, during Stage 2 sleep. Nightmares can be simple and benign or so emotionally severe that they beg for comparison with psychotic episodes (C. Fisher, Byrne, Edwards, & Kahn, 1970;Hartmann, 1984;Sullivan, 1962). Occasional nightmares are almost ubiquitous in the general population. However, frequent distressing nightmares are more common than generally thought, affecting 4%-10% of individuals by conservative estimates. Nightmares are also extremely common following trauma exposure. Posttraumatic nightmares may depict traumarelated content and, in cases of chronic posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD), may at times replicate the trauma with great distress (for review, see Mellman & Pigeon, 2005).There has been a proliferation of experimental work on posttraumatic and nontraumatic nightmares in the past 15 years, the vast majority of which has examined the psychopathological correlates of individuals with frequent nightmares. Furthermore, recent advances in neuroscience have greatly expanded our understanding of dreaming and related brain functions (Maquet, 2000;Maquet et al., 2000) as well as the pathogenic mechanisms implicated in fear conditioning and the development of PTSD (LeDoux, 2000;Ohman & Mineka, 2001). However, despite the clear implications of these developments for understanding nightmares, there are still no comprehensive models of nightmare etiology and no conceptual frameworks for understanding the link between posttraumatic and nontraumatic nightm...

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“…Others have conceptualised social processes at intrapersonal, interpersonal, institutional, intergroup, societal and ideological levels (Doise, 1982;PerretClermont, 2004). Each of these levels of analysis is a branching point for knowledge construction Still others have engaged in the analysis of intrapersonal processes, and hence propose intra-psychological models of mind, such as in psychoanalytical (Freud, 1900), cognitive (Sternberg, 2002) or connectionist models (Clark, 1993), or even, by looking at the biological basis of psychological activity, independently, or together with these (Damasio, 2006). Because each of these levels of analysis requires precision, training and support, people have developed networks and scientific communities, with their specific tools, semiotic mediators, techniques, and conceptual systems.…”

Section: Second Narrative: a Complex Developmental Processmentioning

confidence: 99%