“…• Economies of scale and stable traffic concentration Starr (1994), Notteboom (2006b), Fremont and Soppe (2007) • Stable hierarchical positions Cullinane and Wang (2012), Ducruet and Notteboom (2012) • Regional integration and hinterland penetration Hoare (1986), Airriess (1989) • Regional integration, cross border integration, commercial diversification, expansion of foreland, overlapping hinterland Lee and Ducruet (2009), Lemarchand and Joly (2009), Laxe et al (2012), Wilmsmeier and Monios (2013) • Technological innovation Kuby and Reid (1992), Wang (1998), Lee et al (2008) • Concentration of investment and export-led policy Todd (1993), Hoyle and Charlier (1995) • Government support, regulations, political stability Kenyon (1970), Charlier (1988) • Hinterland-foreland changes, emerging regions, traffic specialization, direct connections, Notteboom (2010), Feng and Notteboom (2013), Xu et al (2015), • Congestion, lack of space for development, diseconomies of scale Ogundana (1971), Hayuth (1981), Hayuth (1982), Barke (1986) • Congestion and diseconomies of scale Notteboom (1997), Wang (1998), Lee et al (2008) • New port development, modal shift, strategy of transnational operators Hoyle (1999), Slac k and Wang (2002), Notteboom and Rodrigue (2005), Notteboom (2006a) • Increasing need for container transshipment, rise of secondary port, strategies of transnational operator, institutional adaptations…”