The interplay of learning and anxiety in the elevated plus-maze

File, Sandra E.

doi:10.1016/0166-4328(93)90103-w

Cited by 297 publications

(165 citation statements)

References 16 publications

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“…Regarding the effects obtained in rats previously exposed to the EPM, the results obtained here do not match those observed in previous studies, which claim that a second exposure to the EPM enhances open-arm avoidance, mainly through a shift from an unconditioned to a conditioned form of fear response (Carobrez & Bertoglio, 2005;Cruz-Morales, Santos, & Brandao, 2002;File, 1993;Pellow et al, 1985;). However, some particular characteristics of our study can account for these results.…”

Section: Discussioncontrasting

confidence: 99%

“…However, some particular characteristics of our study can account for these results. It was hypothesized that when the EPM is used to detect an extrinsic anxiogenic state, the anxiogenic response cannot be modified or antagonized by benzodiazepines (File, 1993). On the other hand, a simple exposure to cat odour resulted in a generalized anxiety response that was easily detected in the plus-maze , an anxiogenic effect counteracted by the benzodiazepine chlordiazepoxide even in plus-maze-experienced rats .…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Previous spatial learning is required for the development of place preference in rats following chronic administration of and withdrawal from morphine

Rico¹,

Castilho²,

Morato³

et al. 2009

Psychol. Neurosci. (Online)

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The positive reinforcing properties of addictive drugs have a primary role in the development of drug dependence. In the field of opiates, great attention has been given to this phenomenon, as well as to the negative properties eliciting craving and inducing relapse during withdrawal. This study was designed to evaluate whether elevated plus-maze (EPM) experienced rats withdrawn from low doses of subcutaneous (s.c.) morphine (10 mg/kg), in which a high anxiety level is the most prominent withdrawal symptom, acquire place preference when submitted to a conflict paradigm in which drug effects are paired with an aversive context: the distal part of the open arms of an EPM. Both the anxiety test and place preference conditioning were measured in the same apparatus, a biased version of the plus-maze. In order to verify the influence of previous EPM spatial learning on the performance of morphine-withdrawn rats, half the animals in this study experienced the EPM prior to treatment. Additional groups were also tested under the influence of morphine effects. The effects of the treatments were quantified through the analysis of three types of measures: anxiety was inferred from the use of the conventional measures (percentage of entries and time spent in the open-arms) and risk-assessment behaviours (frequency of stretched-attending postures -SAP, and time spent at the centre of the maze). Place preference conditioning was evaluated through analysis of the number of entries, total time spent and distance run in the open-arm extremities, which is where the animals were conditioned. The number of closed-arm entries was taken as an index of locomotor activity. Our results showed that (i) EPM naïve rats pre-treated with morphine did not develop place preference, behaving like control rats; (ii) rats that had previous experience in the EPM showed no changes in open-arm avoidance on the second exposure, when compared with rats naïve for this condition; (iii) previous spatial learning of the EPM contextual cues was, in fact, a requirement for anxiety-inducing place preference for the openarms in morphine-withdrawn rats and, (iiii) conditioned place preference was achieved both in rats under the effects of morphine and in withdrawal, probably through the influence of the positive or negative reinforcing effects promoted by the presence or absence of the drug in the central nervous system.

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Section: Discussioncontrasting

confidence: 99%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Previous spatial learning is required for the development of place preference in rats following chronic administration of and withdrawal from morphine

Rico¹,

Castilho²,

Morato³

et al. 2009

Psychol. Neurosci. (Online)

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“…The tests performed were the Openfield test (23,24), the elevated plus maze paradigm (24), and the free-choice exploration paradigm in Y-maze (25) (for a description, see Table 6, which is published as supporting information on the PNAS web site). All tests were performed by trained observers blind for experimental groups.…”

Section: Postnatal Behavioral Studiesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Long-term effect of in vitro culture of mouse embryos with serum on mRNA expression of imprinting genes, development, and behavior

Fernández‐González

Moreira

Bilbao

et al. 2004

Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.

355

271

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The long-term developmental and behavioral consequences of mammalian embryo culture are unknown. By altering the culture medium with the addition of FCS, we wanted to determine whether mouse embryos cultured under suboptimal conditions develop aberrant mRNA expression of imprinting genes at the blastocyst stage and whether fetal development, growth, and behavior of adult mice are affected. One-cell embryos obtained from superovulated female B6CBAF1 mice were cultured for 4 days in K ؉ -modified simplex optimized medium in the presence of either 10% FCS or 1 g͞liter BSA. After embryo transfer, born animals were submitted to several developmental and behavior tests. The mRNA expression of some imprinting genes was significantly affected in blastocysts cultured in the presence of FCS. Two of the eight measures of preweaning development and some specific measures of neuromotor development, such as the walking activity, were delayed in the group originated with FCS. After 34 weeks, the weight of female mice cultured in vitro in the presence of FCS was significantly higher than controls. In addition, the locomotion activity of mice was altered at 5 and 15 months. Anatomopathological and histological analysis of animals at 20 months of age showed some large organs and an increase in pathologies. We have found that mice derived from embryos cultured with FCS exhibited specific behavioral alterations in anxiety and displayed deficiencies in implicit memories. Our data indicate that long-term programming of postnatal development, growth, and physiology can be affected irreversibly during the preimplantation period of embryo development by suboptimal in vitro culture.embryo culture ͉ organ weight ͉ postnatal defects

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“…in the elevated plus maze is also utilized to assess exploration, anxiety, and motor behavior [14,37]. The elevated plus maze consists of four arms, 49 cm long and 10 cm wide, elevated 50 cm off the ground.…”

Section: Elevated Plus Maze-behaviormentioning

confidence: 99%

Infusions of 3α,5α-THP to the VTA enhance exploratory, anti-anxiety, social, and sexual behavior and increase levels of 3α,5α-THP in midbrain, hippocampus, diencephalon, and cortex of female rats

Frye

Rhodes

2008

Behavioural Brain Research

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Abstract17β-Estradiol (E 2 ) and progesterone (P 4 ) influence the onset and duration of sexual behavior and are also associated with changes in behaviors that may contribute to mating, such as exploration, anxiety, and social behaviors (socio-sexual behaviors). In the midbrain ventral tegmental area (VTA), the P 4 metabolite, 5α-pregnan-3α-ol-20-one (3α,5α-THP), modulates lordosis of E 2 -primed rodents; 3α,5α-THP can also influence anxiety and social behaviors. To examine if 3α,5α-THP in the VTA mediates socio-sexual behaviors, we infused 3α,5α-THP to the VTA of diestrous and proestrous rats. As expected, proestrous, compared to diestrous, rats showed more exploratory (open field), anxiolytic (elevated plus maze), pro-social (partner preference, social interaction), and sexual (paced mating) behavior and had increased E 2 , P 4 , dihydroprogesterone (DHP), and 3α,5α-THP in serum, midbrain, hippocampus, diencephalon, and cortex. Infusions of 3α,5α-THP to the VTA, but not control sites, such as the substantia nigra (SN) or central grey (CG), of diestrous rats produced behavioral and endocrine effects akin to that of proestrous rats and increased DHP and 3α,5α-THP levels in midbrain, hippocampus, and diencephalon. Levels of DHP and 3α,5α-THP, but neither E 2 nor P 4 concentrations, in midbrain, hippocampus, diencephalon, and/or cortex were positively correlated with socio-sexual behaviors. Thus, 3α,5α-THP infusions to the VTA, but not SN or CG, can enhance socio-sexual behaviors and increase levels in midbrain, hippocampus, and diencephalon.

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The interplay of learning and anxiety in the elevated plus-maze

Cited by 297 publications

References 16 publications

Previous spatial learning is required for the development of place preference in rats following chronic administration of and withdrawal from morphine

Previous spatial learning is required for the development of place preference in rats following chronic administration of and withdrawal from morphine

Long-term effect of in vitro culture of mouse embryos with serum on mRNA expression of imprinting genes, development, and behavior

Infusions of 3α,5α-THP to the VTA enhance exploratory, anti-anxiety, social, and sexual behavior and increase levels of 3α,5α-THP in midbrain, hippocampus, diencephalon, and cortex of female rats

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