The interplay of intention maintenance and cue monitoring in younger and older adults’ prospective memory

Ballhausen, Nicola; Schnitzspahn, Katharina M.; Horn, Sebastian; Kliegel, Matthias

doi:10.3758/s13421-017-0720-5

Cited by 31 publications

(29 citation statements)

References 82 publications

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“…Specifically, formation of the intention may depend on planning abilities, in turn requiring WM updating, for example, in case of the updating of OT requirements with PM requirements. Usually, during the PM retention phase, an alternative activity is performed, the OT and WM resources might also be challenged especially when this task involves a high maintenance load (Ballhausen, Schnitzspahn, Horn, & Kliegel, 2017). The intention initiation phase requires the monitoring for event and/or time cues (WM monitoring and updating).…”

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confidence: 99%

Age Differences in Prospective Memory: A Further Evaluation of the Executive Framework

Zhao

et al. 2019

Journal of Cognition and Development

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According to the executive framework of prospective memory (PM), age-related differences in PM performance are mediated by agerelated differences in executive functioning (EF). The present study further explored this framework by examining which specific components of EF are associated with PM differences between and within three age groups. A group of children (7-9 years; N = 108), adolescents (12-14 years; N = 112), and adults (17-23 years; N = 106) performed focal-and non-focal event-based PM (EBPM) tasks, a time-based PM (TBPM) task, and tasks measuring EF components. Differences between age groups in focal EBPM, non-focal EBPM, and TBPM performance were mediated by, respectively, differences in interference control and response inhibition, performance on the ongoing task, and differences in working memory and response inhibition. However, within-age group analyses only revealed WM updating as significant predictor of TBPM performance in the adolescent group. These results support and further qualify the executive framework of PM. The differences in outcome dependent on the examined age range might be important for explaining mixed results of previous studies regarding the precise EF components underlying age-related PM task performance differences. Prospective memory (PM) refers to the ability to realize a delayed intention by "remembering to remember" to perform a future action (Ellis, 1996). PM is crucial for many daily-life tasks and involves different phases, specifically, the formation, retention, initiation, and execution of the intention (Kliegel, Martin, McDaniel, & Einstein, 2002). PM has a retrospective component, remembering what specific action to perform, next to a prospective component, remembering that a specific action must be performed (Einstein & McDaniel, 1996). In addition, a distinction can be made between event-based PM (EBPM) and time-based PM (TBPM), which refers to the type of cue that triggers execution of the intended action (Brandimonte, Einstein, & McDaniel, 1996). In EBPM, this concerns an external cue, such as when remembering to buy bread upon passing a bakery. In TBPM, the intention has to be realized at a specific time or period of time, such as to remember to take medicine in time. PM and executive functions According to an influential theory in the field, the multiprocess theory, PM tasks may require relatively automatic or strategic processes, depending, among other factors, on features of the

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confidence: 99%

Age Differences in Prospective Memory: A Further Evaluation of the Executive Framework

Zhao

et al. 2019

Journal of Cognition and Development

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“…From our preliminary information, we learned that the participants appreciated daily communication with the younger generation, though this was seldom realized in their living environment. Our design, involving communicative interplay between the generations likely had a strong positive affect on subjects who reported sensory pleasure and motivation [28]. We suggest that such inter-generational interactive programs show great potential for innovative technological approaches to improving apathy associated with the aging process [29].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Elderly Body Movement Alteration at 2nd Experience of Digital Art Installation with Cognitive and Motivation Scores

Tao

Sato

Matsuda

et al. 2020

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The prevalence of advanced medical treatment has led to global population aging, resulting in increased numbers of dementia patients. One of the most intractable symptoms of dementia is apathy, or lack of interest and enthusiasm, which can accompany memory and cognitive deterioration. Development of a novel method to ameliorate apathy is desirable. In this feasibility trial, we propose a series of digital art installations as a candidate dementia intervention approach. Seven, three-minute scenes of digital images and sounds were presented to visitors either passively or in response to their reactions (motion and sound). We evaluated the potential of this application as an intervention against apathy in an elderly living home. We collected the dementia global standard Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE) and questionnaire scores of sensory pleasure and motivation along with behavioral motion data in twenty participants. We further compared responses between the first and second experiences in the thirteen participants that were present for both days. Overall, we found a significant increase in participants’ motivation. In these subjects, head and right hand motion increased over different scenes and MMSE degrees, but was most significant during passive scenes. Despite a small number of subjects and limited evaluations, this new digital art technology holds promise as an apathy intervention in the elderly and can be improved with use of wearable motion sensors.

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“…Analyses of ongoing task response times was clearly sensitive to target location, as response times for the peripheral nonfocal conditions were substantially greater than for the central conditions. However, large ongoing task measures do not necessarily relate to high monitoring, as intention maintenance (Ballhausen et al, 2017), general slowing in older adults (Henry et al, 2015), or target location could contribute to higher ongoing task response times. Thus, eye tracking seems to have advantages over traditional ongoing task measures and can be a good way of better understanding monitoring behavior (see also Bowden et al, 2017;Chen et al, 2013;Shelton and Christopher, 2016).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In that context, Horn et al (2013) further mention the problem of scaling dependency, as well as the challenge of differences in speed-accuracy tradeoffs between age groups, with older adults often choosing to sacrifice the speed of their responses in order to sustain high PM task accuracy. Furthermore, ongoing task costs were found to highly depend on the respective PM paradigm and the nature of the ongoing tasks (e.g., enhancing the maintenance load for a PM task also showed up in enhanced ongoing task costs, Ballhausen et al, 2017). All in all, even if ongoing task costs might differ between age groups, this does not necessarily reflect differences in monitoring behavior.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 93%

Investigating prospective memory via eye tracking: No evidence for a monitoring deficit in older adults

Ballhausen

Lauffs

Herzog

et al. 2019

International Journal of Psychophysiology

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Prospective memory (PM) refers to remembering to perform intended actions in the future. Older adults in particular have been shown to be negatively affected by PM tasks that require a high amount of attentional resources (i.e., nonfocal tasks). This age-related PM deficit has been attributed to reduced target monitoring in this age group older adults. However, this conclusion was based on indirect measures of monitoring, such as costs of the ongoing task. The present study set out to 1) investigate older adults' PM target monitoring by, for the first time, employing a direct measure (i.e., eye tracking), 2) assess differences in monitoring between PM tasks that differ in their focality, and 3) examine whether differences in PM monitoring can indeed explain older adults' reduced PM performance in nonfocal tasks. Results demonstrate that while older, but not younger adults, showed reduced performance in a nonfocal PM task, overt monitoring (eye movements) of these groups did not differ between focality conditions. Further analyses showed that older adults' performance was still reduced on the strategically more demanding task after controlling for overt target monitoring (i.e., including only trials in which the participant monitored). In contrast to indirect measures of cue monitoring, our findings illustrate that older adults' deficits on nonfocal PM tasks cannot (exclusively) be explained by reduced monitoring. Instead, processing that takes place after target monitoring are discussed as possible mechanisms underlying older adults' reduced PM performance in nonfocal tasks.

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The interplay of intention maintenance and cue monitoring in younger and older adults’ prospective memory

Cited by 31 publications

References 82 publications

Age Differences in Prospective Memory: A Further Evaluation of the Executive Framework

Age Differences in Prospective Memory: A Further Evaluation of the Executive Framework

Elderly Body Movement Alteration at 2nd Experience of Digital Art Installation with Cognitive and Motivation Scores

Investigating prospective memory via eye tracking: No evidence for a monitoring deficit in older adults

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