a Understanding dynamic changes of catalytically active nanostructures under reaction conditions is a pivotal challenge in catalysis research, which has been extensively addressed in metal nanoparticles but is less explored in supported oxide nanocatalysts. Here, structural changes of iron oxide (FeO x ) nanostructures supported on Pt in a gaseous environment were examined by scanning tunneling microscopy, ambient pressure X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, and in situ X-ray absorption spectroscopy using both model systems and real catalysts. O-Fe (FeO) bilayer nanostructures can be stabilized on Pt surfaces in reductive environments such as vacuum conditions and H 2 -rich reaction gas, which are highly active for low temperature CO oxidation. In contrast, exposure to H 2 -free oxidative gases produces a less active O-Fe-O (FeO 2 ) trilayer structure. Reversible transformation between the FeO bilayer and FeO 2 trilayer structures can be achieved under alternating reduction and oxidation conditions, leading to oscillation in the catalytic oxidation performance.